Gradual Vision Loss Flashcards
what is the pathology of open angle glaucoma
imbalance of aqueous secretion and removal increases intra-ocular pressure causing retinal ischaemia and optic neuropathy
what is the general presentation of open angle glaucoma
progressive decreased peripheral vision, usually bilateral
what test is initially done when investigation open angle glaucoma
fundoscopy
what is seen on fundoscopy in open angle glaucoma
disc cupping: increased cup:disc ratio, bayonetting
what test is used to measure intra-ocular pressure
tonometry
what medication is first line for open angle glaucoma
latanoprost
what type of medication is latanoprost
prostaglandin analogue
what medication might be added in conjunction with latanoprost after trialling only latanoprost
b-blocker timolol
what type of medication of 2nd line to latanoprost
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
what is a side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
acidosis
give 2 examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
TOP dorzalamide
PO acetazolamide
what type of age related macular degeneration causes gradual vision loss
dry type
what is the pathology of age related macular degeneration dry type
Drusen build up under RPE causing atrophic retina patches
what is the general presentation of age related macular degeneration dry type
bilateral gradual decreased central vision acuity and metamorphopsia
what is seen on fundoscopy in age related macular degeneration dry type
haemorrhages and hard exudate
what is the management of age related macular degeneration dry type
supportive e.g. vision aids
what is the general pathology of diabetic retinopathy
proteins glycosylated, angiogenesis, pericyte loss, microaneurysms
what is the general presentation of diabetic retinopathy
blurring, floaters, decreased colour vision, rubeosis iridis
what is seen on fundoscopy in diabetic retinopathy
cotton wool spots, hard exudate, flame haemorrhages
what is a complication of diabetic retinopathy
retinal detachment
what is the management of diabetic retinopathy
PRP laser for new vessels or vitrectomy
in what condition would you seen cotton wool spots, hard exudates, copper/silver wiring, retinal haemorrhages and papilledema on fundoscopy
hypertensive retinopathy
what examination test helps identify congenital cataracts
red light reflex
what is the pathology of cataracts
lens opacifications
what is the general presentation of a cataract
hazy/blurred vision, night glares
what is used to diagnose a cataract
slit lamp
what is the main indicator for treatment in a cataract
symptoms
what is the treatment of a cataract
phacoemulsification; removes and replaces lens
what are the risk factors for cataracts
age, trauma, CCS, DM
what is a differential for gradual visual loss
hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, ARMD dry type, open angle glaucoma, cataract, refractive error
