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Y2 Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what bones are involved in bony orbit

A

frontal bone orbital plate, zygoma, maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid orbital plate, sphenoid

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2
Q

what bone forms the roof of bony orbit

A

frontal bone orbital plate

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3
Q

what bone forms the lateral wall of bony orbit

A

zygoma

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4
Q

what bone forms the floor of bony orbit

A

maxillary

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5
Q

what bones form the medial wall of bony orbit

A

lacrimal and ethmoid orbital plate

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6
Q

what bone forms the posterior wall of bony orbit

A

sphenoid

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7
Q

what bony feature is present in the frontal bone

A

supraorbital notch

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8
Q

what bony feature is present in the maxilla

A

infraorbital foramen

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9
Q

where is the superior orbital fissure

A

greater wing of sphenoid

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10
Q

where is the inferior orbital fissure

A

sphenoid bone and maxilla

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11
Q

where is the optic canal

A

lesser wing of sphenoid

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12
Q

what muscle is responsible for closing the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

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13
Q

what is the orbital septum

A

sheet of fascia in eyelids

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14
Q

what is the function of the tarsal/Meibomian glands

A

secrete lipids

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15
Q

where are the tarsal/Meibomian glands

A

inside tarsal plate in eyelid

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16
Q

what are the names of the two palpebral ligaments of the eyelid

A

medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

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17
Q

what are the superior and inferior tarsus

A

dense connective tissue in eyelid that provide structure

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18
Q

what are the two parts of the conjunctiva

A

palpebral conjunctiva inside eyelids

bulbar conjunctiva on eye

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19
Q

what structures can be seen from looking at the eye

A

pupil, iris, limbus, sclera, conjunctiva, conjunctival vessels, fornix, caruncle, inferior lacrimal papilla

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20
Q

what is the fornix

A

where the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva meet

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21
Q

what is the limbus

A

junction of cornea and sclera

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22
Q

what is the caruncle

A

red bit medially on eye

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23
Q

what nerve is responsible for lacrimation

A

CNVII facial nerve

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24
Q

what is the direction of lacrimal fluid drainage

A

puncta > canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > inferior meatus

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25
Q

what are names of the segments of the eye

A

anterior and posterior

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26
Q

what are the names of the chambers of the eye

A

anterior, posterior and vitreous

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27
Q

where is the anterior chamber

A

cornea to iris

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28
Q

where is the posterior chamber

A

iris to suspensory ligament

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29
Q

what type of humour is present in each segment of the eye

A

anterior: aqueous
posterior: vitreous

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30
Q

where is the posterior segment

A

behind the lens

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31
Q

what are the names of the 3 layers of the eye

A

fibrous, vascular, retina

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32
Q

what is the blood supply to the cornea

A

avascular

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33
Q

what is the fibrous layer of the eye formed of

A

sclera and cornea

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34
Q

what is the thickest layer of the cornea

A

stroma

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35
Q

what is the innermost layer of the cornea

A

endothelium

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36
Q

what is the outer layer of the cornea

A

columnar epithelium

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37
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligament

A

connects the lens to the ciliary body via zonules

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38
Q

how to tell left or right eye on fundoscopy

A

optic disc always nasal

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39
Q

what is the vascular layer of composed of

A

uvea

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40
Q

what is uvea

A

iris, ciliary body and choroid

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41
Q

what are the muscles or the iris and what direction are their fibres

A

inner circular sphincter pupillae and outer radial dilator pupillae

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42
Q

what is the ciliary body formed of

A

smooth muscle and blood vessels

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43
Q

what structure secrete aqueous

A

ciliary body

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44
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body

A

controls iris/lens shape

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45
Q

what structures are within the optic disc

A

optic nerve head, central retinal artery, central retinal vein

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46
Q

where is the highest concentration of cones

A

in the fovea in the macula

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47
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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48
Q

what is the function of choroid

A

proves nutrition to the peripheral part of the retina

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49
Q

what causes the blind spot

A

no photoreceptors in the optic disc

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50
Q

where is the blind spot

A

15 degrees temporally

51
Q

what is the function of aqueous humour in the posterior chmaber

A

nourishes avascular lens

52
Q

what is the function of aqueous humour in the anterior chamber

A

nourishes avascular cornea

53
Q

where is aqueous humour reabsorbed

A

canal of schlemm on sclera at iridocorneal angle

54
Q

where is aqueous humour reabsorbed to

A

venous sinus

55
Q

what artery gives rise to the ophthalmic artery

A

internal carotid

56
Q

what artery gives rise to the central retinal artery

A

ophthalmic artery

57
Q

what area does the central retinal artery supply

A

inner 2/3 of the retina

58
Q

what is the clinical significance of the central retinal artery

A

end artery

59
Q

what artery supplies the optic nerve head

A

posterior ciliary arteries

60
Q

what are the two main veins responsible for the venous drainage of the eye

A

central retinal vein and facial vein

61
Q

what does the central retinal vein drain to

A

ophthalmic vein

62
Q

what does the ophthalmic vein drain to

A

cavernous sinus

63
Q

where do the rectus muscles originate

A

common tendinous ring

64
Q

where to the rectus muscles insert

A

onto the sclera

65
Q

which muscle is responsible for lifting the eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris

66
Q

what structure does the superior oblique pass through

A

trochlea

67
Q

where do the superior and inferior oblique muscles insert

A

onto the sclera

68
Q

what movement is the medial rectus responsible for

A

adduction

69
Q

what movement is the lateral rectus responsible for

A

abduction

70
Q

what movement is the inferior rectus responsible for

A

outwards and downwards (abduction/depression)

71
Q

what movement is the superior rectus responsible for

A

outwards and upwards (abduction/elevation)

72
Q

what movement is the superior oblique responsible for

A

inwards and downwards (adduction/depression)

73
Q

what movement is the inferior oblique responsible for

A

inwards and upwards (adduction/elevation)

74
Q

what nerve supplies the medial rectus

A

CNIII oculomotor

75
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral rectus

A

CNVI abducens

76
Q

what nerve supplies the inferior rectus

A

CNIII oculomotor

77
Q

what nerve supplies the superior rectus

A

CNIII oculomotor

78
Q

what nerve supplies the superior oblique

A

CNIV trochlear

79
Q

what nerve supplies the inferior oblique

A

CNIII oculomotor

80
Q

what muscle is responsible for the sensory innervation to the face

A

CNV trigeminal

81
Q

name the divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular

82
Q

what is the other name for the blink reflex

A

corneal reflex

83
Q

what is the function of the blink/corneal reflex

A

flush tears of the eye to hydrate the cornea

84
Q

what is an afferent nerve

A

towards the CNS

85
Q

what is the afferent nerve in the blink/corneal reflex

A

CNV1

86
Q

what is the efferent nerve in the blink/corneal refllex and what does it supply

A

CNVII to orbicularis oculi

87
Q

which origin of the pupillae sphincter is fixed

A

outer

88
Q

what is the pupillary light reflex

A

pupil constricting in response to light

89
Q

what are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of the pupillary light reflex

A

sympathetic constricts, parasympathetic dilates

90
Q

what are the consensual and stimulated eyes in the pupillary light reflex

A

stimulated eye; direct response

consensual eye; non-stimulated

91
Q

what level to sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord

A

T1 - L2

92
Q

what to sympathetic axons do after leaving the spinal cord at the T1-L2 spinal nerves

A

travel to sympathetic chains running vertical column length

93
Q

what does sympathetic axons do after ascending/descending sympathetic chains

A

pass into the anterior / posterior rami of all spinal nerves

94
Q

what level do sympathetic trunk cervical ganglia leave the spinal cord

A

T1

95
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the LPS

A

constricts in fight/flight for max eyelid elevation

96
Q

what vessel do sympathetic trunk cervical ganglia follow after synapsing

A

carotid nerve on carotid artery

97
Q

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

98
Q

what do parasympathetic nerves supply

A

internal organs not body wall

99
Q

where does CN III attach to the CNS

A

midline/pons

100
Q

what structure does CN III pass through to supply the LPS, SR, MR, IR and IO extraocular muscles

A

superior orbital fissure

101
Q

what structures do the ciliary nerves supply

A

ciliary body and sphincter pupillae

102
Q

what input is required for near vision

A

parasympathetic

103
Q

what input is required for far vision

A

parasympathetics stop firing

104
Q

for near vision what happens to the ciliary muscle, zonule and suspensory ligament

A

ciliary muscle contracts, zonule relaxes, suspensory ligament relaxes

105
Q

for far vision what happens to the ciliary muscle, zonule and suspensory ligament

A

ciliary muscle relaxes, zonule contracts, suspensory ligament contracts

106
Q

what happens to the lens for near vision

A

fatter

107
Q

what happens to the lens for far vision

A

flattens

108
Q

what is the accomodation reflex

A

lens focusing in near vision

109
Q

what nerve is involved in the accomodation reflex

A

CN III

110
Q

what are the 3 types of tear stimulus

A

basal, reflex and emotional

111
Q

what is the afferent nerve in reflex lacrimation

A

CN V1

112
Q

what is the efferent nerve in reflex lacrimation

A

CNVII

113
Q

what antimicrobial property is present in tears

A

lysozyme

114
Q

what colour is healthy CSF

A

clear

115
Q

what structures are always effected by a change in intracranial pressure

A

brain or blood or CSF

116
Q

what are the layers of the meninges from out to in

A

hard dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia

117
Q

where is CSF found

A

in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

118
Q

what vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end

A

S2

119
Q

what vertebral level can you do a lumbar puncture

A

L3/4 or L4/5

120
Q

what are the names of the ventricles

A

right lateral ventricle
left lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

121
Q

what structure connects the 3rd and 4rd ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

122
Q

what structure secretes CSF

A

choroid plexus in R/L/3rd ventricles

123
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed

A

arachnoid granulations

124
Q

where does reabsorbed CSF go

A

dural venous sinuses

Y2 Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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