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CARDIO - RESP BLOCK > PHYSIOLOGY: Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY: Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur

A
  • Ventilation (breathing)
  • External (pulmonary) respiration
  • Internal (tissue) respiration
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2
Q

How many times does a normal human breath at rest?

A

12-15 Times a minute

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3
Q

How much volume of air is there per breath?

A

500 mls of air

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4
Q

Volume of air per minute a normal human breaths at rest

A

6-8 Litres per minutes are inspired and expired

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5
Q

Gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Oxygen enters by simple diffusion in pulmonary capillaries

Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli

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6
Q

Structurally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 parts:

A
  1. Upper respiratory system

2. Lower respiratory system

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7
Q

Nose, pharynx and associated structures are organs of what respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory system

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8
Q

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are organs of which respiratory system?

A

Lower respiratory system

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9
Q

Functionally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 zones:

A
  1. Conducting zone

2. Respiratory zone

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10
Q

Structures of conducting zone

A

Nose
Mouth
Pharynx

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11
Q

Functions of conducting zone

A

• Transports air to the lungs
• Warms, humidifies, filters, and cleans the
air
– Mucus traps small particles, and cilia move it away from the lungs.
• Voice production in the larynx as air
passes over the vocal folds

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12
Q

• Transports air to the lungs
• Warms, humidifies, filters, and cleans the
air
– Mucus traps small particles, and cilia move it away from the lungs.
• Voice production in the larynx as air
passes over the vocal folds

A

Conducting zone

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13
Q

The part of the airway that is not involved in gas exchange (conducting zone)

Is called.

A

Anatomical dead space

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14
Q

Volume of anatomical dead space

A

Average 150 ml

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15
Q

FORMULA of ALVEOLAR DEAD SPACE

A

Alveolar dead space=(Volume of fresh gas inhaled - anatomical dead zone ) X n of breaths

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16
Q

The most important muscle of inspiration is?

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

At rest inspiration is?

A

Active

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18
Q

At rest expiration is?

A

Passive

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19
Q

During exercises expiration is ?

A

Active

Abdominal muscles contract

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20
Q

Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by

A

Boyle’s law

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21
Q

The volume of a gas varies…….. with its pressure

A

INVERSELY

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22
Q

As volume increases, pressure?

A

DECREASES

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23
Q

As volume decreases, pressure?

A

INCREASES

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24
Q

How much is Atmospheric pressure at rest?

A

760 mmHg

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25
Q

Alveolar pressure at rest

A

760 mmHg

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26
Q

Intrapleural pressure at rest

A

756 mmHg

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27
Q

At rest when the diaphragm is relaxed, alveolar pressure is equal to ?

A

Atmospheric pressure

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28
Q

Alveolar pressure during inhalation

A

758 mmHg

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29
Q

Intrapleural pressure during inhalation

A

753 mmHg

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30
Q

Atmospheric pressure during expiration

A

762 mmHg

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31
Q

Intrapleural pressure during expiration

A

756 mmHg

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32
Q

What is the pressure difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure called?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

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33
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is the

A

Pressure in lungs

At rest= 760 mmHg - when no airflow

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34
Q

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A

Elasticity
Lung compliance
Surface tension

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35
Q

Disorders that cause l’oss of elasticity is called?

A

Emphysema

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36
Q

The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded

Is called?

A

Lung compliance

Defined as the change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure: ΔV/ΔP

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37
Q

Conditions with reduced lung compliance- make lung tissue stiffer?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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38
Q

Elastic tissue recoils during exhalation to aid?

A

The flow of air out of the lungs

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39
Q

The attraction between molecules at a gas/liquid interface that tends to pull those molecules together, can be defined as?

A

Surface tension

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40
Q

Effect of surface tension on alveolus

A

Increases the pressure within the alveolus

So smaller overkill have more tendency to collapse than larger ones
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41
Q

Smaller alveoli have more tendency to collapse than larger ones

True or false?

A

True

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42
Q

What reduces surface tension, and is essential to enable the expansion of alveoli

A

SURFACTANT

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43
Q

Normal breathing is defined as?

A

Eupnea

44
Q

No breathing is defined as ?

A

Apnea

45
Q

Laboured breathing is defines as ?

A

Dyspnea

46
Q

Rapid breathing is defined as?

A

Tachypnea

47
Q

Breathing by rib movement only is defined as?

A

Costal breathing

48
Q

Breathing by diaphragmatic movement only is defined as?

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

49
Q

Factors that affect gas exchange?

A

• • •
Surface area
Diffusion gradient
Diffusion distance (i.e. thickness of membrane)

            FICKS LAW
50
Q

Anything that affects diffusion will affect gas exchanges

True or false?

A

True

51
Q

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to, according to Dalton’s Law?

A

Sum of pressure of each ga in it

52
Q

Distance of diffusion

A

0.4-2.0 micrometeres

Very short

53
Q

Distance of diffusion in increased if?

A

Fluid in lungs

  • pneumonia

Mucus in lungs

  • cystic fibrosis
54
Q

At altitude, the reduction in PO2 is the

stimulus for increased ventilation, whereas at sea level, it is ……. that is the. key influence

A

PCO2

55
Q

Define partial pressure

A

The pressure of an individual gas; can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure (atmospheric)

Example:

O2 makes up 21% of the atmosphere, so : partial pressure of O2 = 760 X 21% = 159 mmHg

56
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

A

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

57
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the systemic capillaries into the tissues, and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

58
Q

The lung has two separate circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Bronchial circulation

59
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the

gas-exchanging units

60
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Arises from the aorta and nourishes the lung parenchyma.

61
Q

The circulation to the lung is unique in?

A
  • Dual circulation
  • Ability to accommodate large volumes of
    blood at low pressure.
62
Q

Blood flow reaching alveoli is called?

A

Perfusion - Q

63
Q

Amount of gas reaching alveoli is called ?

A

Ventilation - V

64
Q

For efficient gas exchange what needs to be matched?

A

Perfusion and Ventilation

65
Q

Due to gravity, lord flow is greater where?

A

At the base than at the apex of the lungs

66
Q

Where in the lungs is the V/Q ratio higher?

A

At the apex

67
Q

Average V/Q ratio (normal) in the whole lung

A

0.8 - Means more perfusion than ventilation

68
Q

Lung perfusion can also be influenced by :

A
  • cardiac output

- Pulmonary vascular resistance

69
Q

Ventilation increases in lungs from?

A

Tip to bottom

70
Q

In the lung, at the Apices there is more…….. than …..

A

More ventilation than perfusion= >0.8

71
Q

In the lungs, at the base there is more ……… than ……..

A

More perfusion that ventilation = <0.8

72
Q

High V/Q ratio means

A

More VENTILATION that PERFUSION

> 0.8

73
Q

Low V/Q ratio means?

A

There is more PERFUSION than VENTILATION

< 0.8

74
Q

FEV and FCV in normal respiration ?

A

FEV = 4.0

FVC= 5.0

%= 80

75
Q

FEV and FVC in obstructive respiration ?

A

FEV= 1.3

FVC= 3.1

%= 42

76
Q

FEV and FVC in restrictive respiration?

A

FEV= 2.8

FVC= 3.1

%= 90

77
Q

Factors that decrease V/Q ratio - Decreased ventilation (or increased perfusion)

A
  • Chronic bronchitis (bronchospasm, inflammation, airway obstruction)
  • Asthma (bronchoconstriction, excess mucus)
  • Pulmonary oedema (fluid build up in the lungs)
  • Pulmonary fibrosis (decreases compliance)
78
Q

Factors that increase V-Q ratio - increased ventilation or decreased perfusion

A
  • Pulmonary embolism

- COPD

79
Q

Bronchospasm, inflammation, airway obstruction)

Are symptoms of?

A

Chronic bronchitis

80
Q

Bronchoconstriction, excess mucus

Are symptoms of?

A

Ashram

81
Q

Fluid build up in lungs is associated to what disease?

A

Pulmonary oedema

82
Q

Decreased compliance is associated to what disease?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

83
Q

Name the disease where a blood clot in the lungs may block lung blood vessels, resulting in limited perfusion to an area that is being ventilated effectively ; the overall V-Q ratio will therefore increase

A

Pulmonary embolism

84
Q

Name the disease where patients have a high ventilation rate but poor perfusion due to damage to the alveoli; the level of ventilation is relatively high and V-Q ratio will increase

A

COPD

85
Q

What is defined as a slight increase in PCO2 (and thus H+) and stimulates central chemoreceptors and peripheral (carotid) chemoreceptors

A

Hypercapnia

86
Q

What is defined as oxygen cells deficiency at the tissue level, is caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs and stimulates peripheral (carotid) chemoreceptors

A

Hypoxia

87
Q

The normal automatic process of breathing originates in

impulses that come from?

A

The Brainstem

88
Q

Which structure overrides the automatic process if breathing in the Brainstem when voluntary control is desired?

A

The cortex

89
Q

Group of cells in the ventrolateral region known as the?

A

PRE-BOTZINGER COMPLEX

90
Q

PRE-BOTZINGER COMPLEX is essential for?

A

Respiratory rhythm

91
Q

Which cells have the property of INTRINSIC PERIODIC FIRING and are responsible for the basic Rhythm of ventilation?

A

A group of cells in the Dorsal Region- Dorsal respiratory group associated with inspiration and a Ventral respiratory group are associated with expiration

92
Q

What receptors are:

  • Located near ventral surface of medulla
  • Sensitive to PCO2 but not PO2 of blood
  • Respond to the change of pH of the ECF/CSF when CO2 diffuses out of the cerebral capillaries
A

Central chemoreceptors

93
Q

What receptors:

  • Located in the carotid and aortic bodies
  • Respond to decreased arterial PO2 and increased PCO2 and H+ x - - - Rapidly responding
A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

94
Q

What receptors:

  • Pulmonary stretch receptors( slowly adapting) lie within airway smooth muscle.
  • Discharge in response to distension in lung
  • Activity sustained with lung inflation
A

Lung receptors

95
Q

Impulses travel in which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve - via myelinated fibres

96
Q

Which reflex:

  • Provides self regulatory negative feedback mechanism - - Inflation inhibits further inspiratory muscle activity
  • Deflation initiates inspiratory activity.
A

HERING-BREUER inflation reflex

97
Q

Ventilation can be increased or reduced due to emotion; also transient effects such as gasping, sobbing etc

True or false?

A

True

98
Q

Voluntary control of breathing is useful for ?

A

Communication

99
Q

Name the disease:

  • A chronic inflammatory condition of the airways x -Inflammation causes airways hyperresponsiveness
  • Increased sensitivity to stimuli causes airway narrowing
  • The response is reversible by bronchodilator drugs
A

Asthma

100
Q

Define the disease:

  • Occurs when thrombi form in large veins and travel to the lungs, become lodged and occlude pulmonary circulation
  • Often arise from deep veins of lower extremities but can originate from upper extremities, right side of heart and pelvic veins.
A

Pulmonary embolism

101
Q

Venous thrombosis tend to form due to 3 important conditions :

A
  • Virchow’s triad
  • Stasis of blood
  • Alterations in blood coagulation system
  • Abnormalities of the vessel( intimal injury)
102
Q

Diffusion gradient is increased by

A

Repeated replenishment of air with high PO2 and low PCO2

103
Q

Diffusion gradient is decreased when?

A

Ventilation or blood flow are reduced e.g. lung blood flow reduced due to pulmonary embolism

104
Q

Lungs can convert angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

True or false?

A

True

105
Q

I’m the Fick’s law , rate of diffusion will double if?

A
  • surface area or concentration difference is doubles
    Or
  • thickness of the exchange membrane is halved

CARDIO - RESP BLOCK (13 decks)

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