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cardio - resp block > Lung Development > Flashcards

Lung Development Flashcards

1
Q

Lungs and GÌ tract derived from a pouch of the foregut called?

A

Respiratory diverticulum

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2
Q

Specilised endothelial derived from

A

Endoderm - outgrowth from GÌ Tract

Epithelial tissue buds from this

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3
Q

Budding process of epithelial tissue from endoderm is called?

A

Branching morphogenesis

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4
Q

Pseudoglangular phase

A 
Tube epithelium
       |
Bronchus (2 x L, 3 x R)
       |
Bronchioles
      |
Alveoli

Where key elements of lungs have formed: 8 weeks

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5
Q

Alveoli form?

A

16 weeks until approximately 8 years.

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6
Q

Canalicular phase

A

16 weeks

Terminal bronchioles form

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7
Q

Respiratory bronchioles form at

A

19 weeks

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8
Q

Terminal sac is formed at?

A

28 weeks

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9
Q

Alveolar sac forms?

A

From 16 weeks to 7/8 years

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10
Q

Maturation of alveoli not complete until?

A

7 years

Childhood asthma may resolve at this time

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11
Q

Lung buds are formed from ?

A

Endothelium

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12
Q

Cartilage and muscles derive from?

A

Surrounding mesoderm

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13
Q

Lungs grow to fill the pleural cavity

True or false?

A

True

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14
Q

Maturation of the lungs phases?

A
  1. Pseudoglandular period
  2. Canalicular period
  3. Terminal sac period
  4. Alveolar period
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15
Q

Name the period:

Branching has continued to form terminal bronchioles
No respiratory bronchioles or alveoli are present

A

Pseudoglandular period

5-16 wk

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16
Q

Name the period:

Each termina, bronchioles divides into two or more respiratory bronchioles, which in turn divide into three or six alveolar ducts

A

Canalicular period

16-26 wk

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17
Q

Name the period:

Terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) form, and capillaries establish close contact

A

Terminal sac period

26 wk to birth

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18
Q

Name the period:

Mature alveoli have well- developed epithelial endothelial (capillary) contact

A

Alveolar period

8 mo to childhood

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19
Q

What is Oesophageal atresia and Tracheoesophogeal fistulas?

A
  • Fistula is the joining of the oesophagus to the trachea.
  • 90% of cases the upper portion is a blind pouch (atresia)
  • Cardio vascular defects often associated
20
Q

What is defined as too much amniotic fluid in sac?

A

Polyhydramnios

21
Q

Where the lung is formed is related to positional signalling from?

A

External RA

22
Q

What are Wnts ?

A

Cell signalling molecules.

Involved in patterning, polarity, cell division and differentiation. Links to cancer

23
Q

Importance of Wnts cells?

A

Wnt is important in determining how the lung tissue develops differently from the gut ie ciliated or squamous cell types.

24
Q

Types of alveoli

A

Type I alveoli

Type II alveoli

25
Q

Which type of alveoli epithelial cells appear in the alveoli, enabling an increase in surfactant production?

A

Type 2

26
Q

What is Surfactant?

A

Surfactant is a phospho-lipid rich fluid which lines the interior of the alveoli and decreases surface-air tension, allowing the lung to inflate.

27
Q

Phospholipid rich fluid which lines the interior of the alveoli and decreases surface-air tension, allowing the lung to inflate.

A

Surfactant

28
Q

Production of surfactant is stimulated by

A

Increase in maternal and fetal cortisol levels

29
Q

Preparation for labour occurs at ?

A

Week 34

30
Q

What happens during preparation for l’about?

A
  • lungs not air filled but fluid filled.

* Practice “breathing” pushes an exchange of “internal” lung fluid with the “external” amniotic fluid

31
Q

What does the internal lung fluid contain?

A
  • Chloride
  • Surfactant
  • phospholipids
32
Q

Imitation of labour in fetal lung

A
  • surfactant level increases

- Surfactant - A escapes into amniotic cavity

33
Q

Initiation of labour in Amniotic cavity

A

Macrophages activated by exposure

Migrate across chorion

34
Q

Initiation of labour in the uterus

A
  • Interleukin 1B production which increases:

- Increased Prostaglandin (PG) production

35
Q

What stimulates uterine contractions to Labour ?

A

PG - prostaglandins

36
Q

How is lung fluid rapidly reabsorbed during parturition.?

A
  1. Triggered by increasing Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone

2. Physical expulsion from travel through the uterine canal

37
Q

Water absorption during pregnancy

A

Chloride in secreted through Cl- channel. Causes water movement into lung spaces

38
Q

Water absorption during labour

A
  • Increasing TH and Cortisol stimulates transepithelial Na+ pump to pull Na + into the epithelial cells.
  • Water follows and Na+ is pumped back out into spaces between the cells and water is removed.
39
Q

When does the first birth happen after birth ?

A

10s postnatally

Water birth- on emergence from water

40
Q

What happens at birth when breathing ?

A

Breathing inflates the lungs and triggers changes in the circulatory system.

41
Q

What stimulates breath at birth ?

A
  • Clearing of fluid
  • High CO2 levels
  • Temperature change (on head and umbilical cord)
  • Vagal stimulation
42
Q

Name the problem at birth:

Alveolar collapse. (collapsed lung) Not enough surfactant. Common with preterm births.

A

Atelactasis

43
Q

Atelactasis can lead to?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

44
Q

Symptoms of Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

20% of preterm deaths

  • Tachypnoea (rapid breathing)
  • Association with maternal diabetes mellitus
45
Q

What is Transient tachypnea of new-born (TTNB) ?

A

0.5-4% of all neonates

Retention of lung fluid

Resolves with Oxygen therapy and antibiotic treatment.

Link to Caesarian births.

46
Q

Why is Atelactasis common with preterm births?

A

Because type 2 alveolar cells are not producing surfactant until week 26, so there’s not enough surfactant tension as there’s no surfactant to line the inside of the alveoli - not enough cortisol

cardio - resp block (13 decks)

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