Anatomy Of The Respiratory System Flashcards
The thoracic cage is made up of
1) Sternum
2) 12 pairs of ribs
3) Thoracic vertebrae
Function of thoracic cage
To be provide structure and to protect thoracic contents (ie heart and lungs!)
The thoracic cage has an ability to change its volume of space during inhalation/exhalation to allow our lungs to expand
True or false?
True
The rib cage is also known as?
Thoracic cage
The breastbone is the?
Sternum
The sternum is made up of
1) Manubrium
2) Body
3) Xiphoid process
Sternum angle is found at what level?
T4 of vertebrae
The ribs attach atpnteriorly to the sternum via?
Costal cartilages
Tip of diploid process is located ?
T10 vertebrae
What are the ribs
The ribs are a set of TWELVE pairs of bone which also help create the protective ‘cage’ of the thorax.
Only the costal cartilages of which ribs articulate directly sigh the sternum?
What are they called?
Ribs 1-7
TRUE RIBS
Which ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum with their costal cartilages.
Ribs 8-10
They attach to costal cartilages of ribs superior to them
Which ribs have no anterior connection with other ribs or with the sternum ?
What are they called?
Ribs 11 and 12
FLOATING RIBS
Two classification of ribs
Typical
Atypical
Typical ribs
Generalised structure
Consists of :
- head
- neck
- body AKA shaft
Head of typical ribs
The head has 2 articular facets separated by a wedge of bone. The lower facet articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebrae, and the other facet, articulates with the vertebrae above.
Neck of typical ribs
The neck simply connects the head with the body.
Where the neck meets the body, there is a roughed tubercle, with a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae.
Body/shaft of typical ribs
The body, or shaft of the rib is flat and curved. The internal surface of the shaft has a groove which protects blood vessels and nerves. This is called the costal groove.
What is the groove?
The internal surface of the shaft has a groove which protects blood vessels and nerves.
What are the atypical ribs?
Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 13
Features not common to all the ribs
Atypical rib 1
Is shorter and wider than the other ribs. It only has one facet on its head for articulation with its corresponding vertebrae (there isn’t a thoracic vertebrae above it). The superior surface is marked by two grooves, which make way for the subclavian vessels.
Which rib is shorter and wider than the other ribs. It only has one facet on its head for articulation with its corresponding vertebrae (there isn’t a thoracic vertebrae above it). The superior surface is marked by two grooves, which make way for the subclavian vessels.
(Atypical )Rib 1
Which rib is thinner and longer than rib 1, and has two articular facets on the head as normal. It has a roughened area on its upper surface, where the serratus anterior muscle attaches.
(Atypical) rib 2
Which is rib has only has one facet – for articulation with its numerically corresponding vertebrae.
(Atypical) rib 10
Which ribs articulate only with the bodies of their own vertebrae and have no tubercles or necks. Both ribs are short, have little curve, and are pointed anteriorly
(Atypical) Ribs 11 and 12
Ribs 3-9 can described as?
Typical
Jugular notch is AKA?
Suprasternal notch x superior border of manubrium
Sternal angle is AKA ?
Angle of Louis - manubrium & body join
What is the Subcostal plane ?
Lower border of ribs
The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae at what levels?
T1 - T12
Each thoracic vertebra has
Two Demi-facets, superiorly and inferiorly placed on either side of its vertebral body.
The demi facets articulate with the heads of two different ribs.
Rib 2 articulates with ?
Inferior Demi facet of the thoracic at T1
&
Superior Demi facet at T2
Location of Transverse costal facet ?
On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Used for articulation with the shaft of a single rib
Rib 2 articulates with the costal facets at what level?
T2
Each rib forms 2 joints?
Costovertebral joint
Costotransverse joint
Explain costovertebral joint
Between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae, and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above.
Explain costotransverve joint
Between the tubercle of the rib, and the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae.
We can divide the respiratory system structurally into?
Upper
Lower
Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal passages,
paranasal sinuses, pharynx and portion of the larynx above the vocal cords
Lower respiratory system
Nose, nasal passages,
paranasal sinuses, pharynx and portion of the larynx above the vocal cords
What are conchae ?
Inside the nasal cavity on the lateral wall of each nostril lies 3 bones covered in layers of mucosa. These are called the conchae.
On both the left and right side we have a superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae.
Function of conchae
The function of the conchae is to increase surface area and spin the air so that the inhaled air can be warmed and moistened ready to travel to the lungs to allow effective gaseous exchange.
The soft palate ends at a region known as
Uvula
The oral cavity is bordered superiorly and anteriorly by
Hard palate
The oral cavity is bordered posteriorly by
Soft palate
Pharynx can de divided into 3 parts
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavities and above soft palate
Oropharynx
posterior to oral cavity, inferior to the level of the soft palate, and superior to the upper margin of the epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
extends from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the top of the oesophagus
Which structure extends from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the top of the oesophagus
Laryngopharynx
Which structure is posterior to oral cavity, inferior to the level of the soft palate, and superior to the upper margin of the epiglottis
Oropharynx
Which structure is posterior to nasal cavities and above soft palate
Nasopharynx
Trache, bronchi and bronchioles form?
Trachebronchial tree
What is the trachea bronchial tree?
A system of airways that allow passage of air into
the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
Where do we find our vocal chords?
Larynx
How is sound made?
Sound is created by forcing air through the vocal folds of the larynx which vibrate to make noise. This is how we talk/sing!
Describe structure and function of epiglottis
Keeps food and drink from going down the windpipe. This sturdy flap of cartilage is designed to snap shut automatically when we swallow, closing off the airway and shunting the sustenance down the oesophagus to meet its digestive fate!
What structure keeps food and drink from going down the windpipe. This sturdy flap of cartilage is designed to snap shut automatically when we swallow, closing off the airway and shunting the sustenance down the oesophagus to meet its digestive fate!
Epiglottis
Trachea runs at what level?
T5-T6
Where does the trachea bifurcated into left & right primary bronchi ?
T6
Structure of trachea
The trachea is formed of C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, held together by dense connective tissue
Posteriorly, at the junction where the trachea is in contact with the oesophagus, the trachea has a membrane void of cartilage and covered in smooth muscle called?
Trachealis muscle
What lies at the bifurcation of the trachea?
Carina- a ridge
Importance of carina
The carina is a key landmark in determining pathologies. Widening/ distortion of the carina can often indicate cancer in the lymph nodes that lie just inferior to the carina.
Name of lymph nodes that lie just inferior to the carina
Inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Structure of bronchi
The bronchi have characteristic hyaline cartilage rings, supporting them, the same as in the trachea.
Which bronchi is wider, shorter and lies at a steep vertical angles?
Right bronchi
Which bronchi is narrower and more horizontal ?
Left bronchi
Inhaled foreign objects are more likely to get lodged in which bronchi?
Right side of bronchi
The left & right bronchi divide into?
Secondary bronchi
How many are the secondary bronchi?
2 on the left
3 on the right
These divisions correspond to the number of lobes in each lung!
Secondary bronchi further divide to give rise to?
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi - 10 for each lung
Each tertiary bronchi gives rise to ?
Terminal bronchioles - DO NO LONGER HAVE CARTILAGE IN THEIR WAKKSM
Terminal bronchioles branch into ?
Respiratory bronchioles
Each respiratory bronchiole ends in?
An acinus of clustered alveoli
What is the main function of the lungs?
GAS EXCHANGE OF O2 AND CO2
Which structure lies inferior to lungs and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
How do lungs carry out their function?
divisions correspond to the number of lobes in each lung!
Serious membrane that surrounds each lung
Pleural sac
Composition of pleural sac
Two serous layers:
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
Thin space between them called = pleural cavity which contains the pleural fluid
Where is the pleural fluid located?
What is its function?
In pleural cavity
Lubrification between layers of pleura as the lungs expand = PREVENT FRICTION
Parietal pleura lines internal surface of thoracic cavity.
Which structures?
Diaphragm - diaphragmatic parietal pleura
Mediastinum - mediastinal parietal pleura
Surface of ribs - costal parietal pleura
Root of neck - cervical parietal pleura
Visceral pleura lines?
Intimately attached to each lung; Following the contour of the lobes.
The visceral pleura is contiguous with the parietal pleura at the hilum of each lung
Lungs lobes on the right
3= superior, middle & inferior
Divided by oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
Lungs lobes on the left
2= superior & inferior
Divided by oblique fissure
Each lung can be divided in how many segments?
10
Right lung segments?
I = apical II = posterior III = anterior IV= lateral V= medial VI= superior VII= anterior and medial basal VIII= anterior and medial basal IX= lateral basal X= posterior basal
Left lung segments
I = apical II = posterior III = anterior IV= superior lingula V= inferior lingula VI= superior VI, VIII= anterior and medial basal IX= lateral basal X= posterior basal
Fissures in right lung
Oblique and horizontal
Fissures in left lung
Oblique only
Unique right lung feature
Larger and heavier than left lung, shorter and wider (due to higher right hemidiaphragm
Left lung unique feature
Superior lobe characterised by the lingual and a deep cardiac notch
In pulmonary circulation arteries carry?
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
In pulmonary circulation veins carry?
OXYGENATED Blood
Pulmonary arteries deliver blood to ?
Capillaries around the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place
These deliver blood to capillaries around the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place
Pulmonary arteries
These veins return blood back to the heart
Pulmonary veins
Name of the entrance to the lung on each lungs medial aspect through which these vessels run?
The Hilum
Trachea no bronchial tree receive blood from
Thoracic aorta
Bronchial arteries branch from ?
Thoracic adirata
Or sometimes from posterior intercostal arteries
On the left, bronchial veins drain ?
Into the accessory hemiazygos vein which drains in to azygos (on right), into SVC.
On the right , bronchial veins drain?
Into the azygos vein
The inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes can blunt the carina when enlarged → indicating pathology
True or false?
True
Lymph fluid drains from the heart and lungs through the ?
The inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Lymph nodes into the ?
broncho-mediastinal trunks on the left and right
On the left, the mediastinal trunk drains into?
The thoracic duct
On the right, the mediastinal trunk drains into the ?
jugulosubclavian junction
Most important muscle of respiration
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavity by forming floor of thoracic cavity and roof of abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
Structure of diaphragm
Peripherally is muscular – muscle fibres unite as a CENTRAL TENDON OF THE DIAPHRAGM more centrally.
Attachments of diaphragm
1) Costal cartilages and inner surface of ribs 7 – 12
2) Lumbar vertebrae and associated discs
3) Xiphoid process of sternum
The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae are known as the?
Right and left crura
Right cry’s arises from?
L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs
Left crus arises from
L1-L2 and their intervertebral disc
Diaphragm is inverate by
Phrenic nerve ( C3, C4, C5 … Keels the diaphragm ALIVE!)
Contraction of diaphragm results in?
Downward movement of central tendon
+
Increase in vertical size of thoracic cavity in INHALATION
Relaxation of the diaphragm results in ?
Returning to resting position
+
Decrease in vertical size of thoracic cavity in EXHALATION
There are 3 major openings in the diaphragm which allow 3 very important structures to pass from the thoracic to the abdominal cavity?
- IVC passes through at T8 level
- Oesophagus passes through at T10 level
- Aorta passes though at T12 level
Space between ribs is called
Intercostal space
Each intercostal space contains
Intercostal muscles - help to move the ribs during breathing/ changing the volume within the thoracic cavity during respiration.
Types of intercostal muscles?
External
Internal
Innermost
Contraction of which muscles causes the ribs to elevate?
External intercostal muscles
Contraction of which muscles draws adjacent ribs nearer together?
Internal intercostal muscles
The neurovascular bundle runs along the inferior aspect of the rib in the?
Costal groove
The neurovascular bundle runs in which arrangement?
Superior > inferior
- Intercostal Vein
- Intercostal Artery
- Intercostal Nerve
Relaxed inhalation uses which muscles?
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Forced exhalation uses which muscles?
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
What are additional muscles that act when deeper or more forceful breathing is required (e.g. during vigorous exercise). Often patients with acute respiratory distress (e.g. asthma attack) use their accessory muscles
Accessory muscles of respiration
Accessory muscles for forced inhalation are?
Sternocleidomastoid m.
Pectoralis minor m.
Scalene Mm.
Accessory muscles for forced expiration
External oblique m. - depresses rib cage during forced expiration
Internal oblique m. - depresses rib cage during forced expiration
Transversus m. - compresses ribs
Rectus abdominis m. - depresses rib cage
Sternocleidomastoid m. Is innervates by ?
Accessory nerve
