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CARDIO - RESP BLOCK > Cardiac Development > Flashcards

Cardiac Development Flashcards

1
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Creation of blood vessels

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2
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Remodelling and pruning of vessels into a recognisable circulatory system

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3
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal connection between organs

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4
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

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5
Q

RA

A

Retinoic Acid

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6
Q

Circulation , according to Harvey, is ?

A

One of the first FUNCTIONAL systems to form in the embryo

Why?

Embryo is too big by 3rd week (d14+) to survive without its own circulatory system

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7
Q

What is the most vulnerable time for major heart deformations?

A

3.5 -6.5 weeks

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8
Q

Formation of a tube

A

As development progresses the two heart tubes from either side come together and fuse to give one cardiac tube. (d21)

•The cardiac tube then needs to loop and be partitioned

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9
Q

Cardiac tubes start to loop to form the primitive heart: changing from a straight tube to a complex, 4 chambered heart. What drives this?

A

Changes in Bine Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling which allows cellular shape change by changing cell adhesion

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10
Q

Role of Retinoic acid

A

Specifies posterior (atrial) region

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11
Q

Function of Looping

A

Responsible for forming main chambers: atria and ventricles

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12
Q

What process is responsible for the formation of the main heart chambers?

A

Looping

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13
Q

When does looping begin?

A

After initiation of rhythmic heart contractions and blood flow

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14
Q

What helps with looping ?

A

Pressure

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15
Q

The division of the heart occurs via which 3 mechanisms?

A
  • Endocardial cushions
  • Single outgrowth (septum primum and secundum)
  • Expansion of surrounding areas
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16
Q

Cells in the atrioventricular canal derive from?

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

Cells in the outflow tract derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

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18
Q

Valves form from?

A

Endocardium fusion

Mesenchymal tissue becomes fibrous, whilst the softer tissue below “erodes”, leaving valves and muscular cords.

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19
Q

What are Septa?

A

Septa are formed at boundaries to subdivide the heart into chambers. (d27-37)

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20
Q

Which disease has the following characteristics:

  • Autosomal dominant mutation in Tbx5
  • Associated with various cardiovascular defects (75%)
  • Atrial septal defects,
  • Ventricular septal defects
  • Cardiac conduction: brachycardia or fibrillation
  • Limb (thumb) defects
  • Shoulder girdle defects
  • Extent depends on mutation point
A

Holt- Oram syndrome

21
Q

Division between the atria is not complete until after birth.

True or false

A

True

22
Q

Two septa form in the atria:

A

Septum Primum

Septum Secundum

23
Q

CEll death creates a hole called?

A

Foramen ovale

24
Q

Function of Foramen ovale

A

Allows blood flow between the RA and LA

25
Q

Consequences of partitioning failure

A

Atrial septal defects

Ventricular septal defects

26
Q

Primum and secundum septa form via

A

Outgrowth

 A ridge at the back of the atria grows out to occlude the space 

Tissue grows from the back wall to split the chamber completely
27
Q

Septal divisions are created via ?

A
  • Outgrowth
  • Expansion: of surrounding tissue
    Surrounding tissue expanding beyond a fixed point will lengthen a septum. The space will never be completely occluded this way
28
Q

Congenital heart defects

A

Stenosis:
•Eg Narrowing

Septal defects (6.4/10,000)
•“holes”

Valve defects:
• Stiffening of valves/fusion
•Lack of valve

Vessel defect:
•In the wrong place (transposition)

29
Q

What is the Tetralogy of a fallout?

A
  1. Pulmonary valve stenosis
  2. A large VSD (ventricular septal defect)
  3. An overriding aorta. ie aorta is between L and R ventricles, directly over the VSD. Oxygen-poor blood from the RV flows into the aorta instead of the pulmonary artery.
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
30
Q

Ectopia Cardis

A

Heart outside of body

31
Q

Heart progenitor cells move in the primitive streak to form?

A

Primary heart field- above the embryo

32
Q

This structure:
Forms centrally to pharynx
Contributes to cardiac lengthening
Right ventricle and outflow tracts

Forms the dorsal mesocardium, anchoring the cardiac tube to the wall

A

Secondary heart field

33
Q

Secondary heart field forms?

A

Forms the dorsal mesocardium, anchoring the cardiac tube to the wall

34
Q

Explain formation of heart tube

A
  1. CElls in Primary heart field form a horseshoe-shaped tube and induce myoblasts in the surrounding mesoderm, giving two of the heart’s layers

ENDODERM

MYOCARDIUM

  1. Folding of the embryo brings the tubes together
35
Q

Function of Tbx 5

A

Express division for Septa.

36
Q

What happens to the High concentration at the bottom of mesoderm of Retinoic acid?

A

Diminishes as it moves up

37
Q

Low concentration of Retinoic acid at the top in the mesoderm specialises

A

Ventricles

38
Q

The mesoderm will initially produce its win Retinoic acid, what happens next?

A

Cardiac tube will produce its own Retinoic acid to help patterning

39
Q

Endocardial cushion

A

Outgrowth into cardiac tube - valves are formed this way

40
Q

Cardiac tube is made of three regions:

A

Truncus arteriosus - top

Bolbus cordis

Sinus venosus with atria, vitelline veins

41
Q

Which gene okay a role in position when Selta are formed?

A

Tbx 5 genes

42
Q

Septum primum and secudnum form in what way?

A

Outgrowth

A ridge at the back of the atria grows out to occlude the space

43
Q

Creation of septa can occur in two ways:

A

Outgrowth

Expansion of surrounding tissue

44
Q

Creation of septa (septal division)via outgrowth

A

Tissue grows from the back wall to split the chamber completely

45
Q

Creation of septa (septal division) via expansion of surrounding tissue

A

Surrounding tissue expanding beyond a fixed point will lengthen. The space will never be completely occluded this way

46
Q

Name the process:

Tissue grows from the back wall to split the chamber completely

A

Outgrowth to create septa

47
Q

Name the process:

Surrounding tissue expanding beyond a fixed point will lengthen. The space will never be completely occluded this way

A

Expansion of surrounding tissue to create septa

48
Q

Congenital heart defects statistics

A

1% infants have heart/vascular defects

30% associated with other abnormalities

CARDIO - RESP BLOCK (13 decks)

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