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NS Exam 3 > Physiology of the Visual System > Flashcards

Physiology of the Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What structure provides the first site for refraction?

A

Cornea

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2
Q

What is the action of the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments to create a round lens?

A

Ciliary muscle contracts

Suspensory ligaments loosen

(Near vision)

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3
Q

What is the action of the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments to create a flatter lens?

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes

Suspensory ligament tightens

(Far vision)

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4
Q

Which retinal cells are horizontally oriented?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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5
Q

Which retinal cells are vertically oriented?

A

Receptor cells (Rods and cones)

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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6
Q

In the retina, where are rods most abundant? Where are cones most abundant?

A

Rods - Just off center

Cones - Directly center (fovea)

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7
Q

What NT is released by rods/cones?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

What visual conditions cause higher glutamate release?

A

Darkness (rods/cones are NOT inhibited by photons)

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9
Q

What visual conditions cause lower glutamate release?

A

Bright light

(Rods/cones hyperpolarize when stimulated by photons)

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10
Q

What is the receptor that glutamate is binding in the cone photoreceptors?

A

Gi GPCR

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11
Q

What receptor would be activated by glutamate in an Off-Center cone cell?

A

AMPA kainate

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12
Q

What NT causes depolarization of a ganglion cell?

A

Glutamate

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13
Q

In activation of a rod photoreceptor, what cell acts as an interneuron between bipolar cells? What NT is released?

A

Amacrine cell

GABA or glycine (inhibitory)

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14
Q

What structure is associated with the response to move eyes into an intended position? (Movement intention)

A

Superior colliculus

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15
Q

What tract is associated with the superior colliculus?

A

Tectospinal

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16
Q

What visual structure is important for converging and controlling eye motion onto a point of interest and mapping it in space, as well as movement relative to that object?

A

Lateral Geniculate body

17
Q

What Broadmann area is associated with the parastriate cortex? Peristriate cortex?

A

Parastriate - 18

Peristriate - 19

(Primary visual cortex - 17, dead center)

18
Q

What retinal cell layers make up V1?

A

I, II, III, IV

19
Q

What is the main input layer for V1? What structure does it receive from?

A

Layer IV

LGB

20
Q

What are the main output layers for V1? What structures do they send information to?

A

V and VI

LGB, thalamus, subcortical regions

21
Q

What type of input do ocular dominance columns respond to?

A

Input from one eye or the other

22
Q

What type of input do the orientation columns respond to?

A

Visual line stimuli of varying angles

23
Q

What type of input are the blobs of the primary visual cortex responsive to?

A

Specific wavelengths on the color absorption spectra associated with a specific cone (Red, green, blue)

24
Q

What is the major function of V1?

A

Identify edges, contours of objects

25
Q

What is the main function of V2?

A

Depth perception

26
Q

What is the main function of V3a?

A

Identification of motion

27
Q

What is the main function of V4?

A

Complete processing of color input

28
Q

What is the function of the dorsal pathway? What part of the visual cortex does it pass through?

A

Completes motor acts based on visual input

Passes through V3 (from primary visual cortex to parietal/frontal cortex)

29
Q

What is the function of the ventral pathway? Where does it begin and travel to?

A

Interprets images and complex patterns (Recognizing or copying shapes, forms, faces)

Begins in primary visual cortex and travels to inferior temporal cortex

30
Q

Where do melanopsin ganglion cells project to? What color are they sensitive to?

A

Project to suprachiasmaatic nucleus

Sensitive to blue

31
Q

What are non-image-forming light-responsive systems important for regulating?

A

Circadian rhythms

NS Exam 3 (15 decks)

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