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NS Exam 3 > Hypothalamus DSA > Flashcards

Hypothalamus DSA Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the medial preoptic nucleus? What does it do?

A

Preoptic area of hypothalamus

Contains neurons that make GnRH

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2
Q

What structure does the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus surround?

A

3rd ventricle

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3
Q

What are the regions of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic region

Tuberal region

Mammillary region

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4
Q

What hypothalamic structure forms the anterior boundary of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Lamina terminalis

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5
Q

Where is the medial forebrain bundle located? What does it connect?

A

Lateral zone of the hypothalamus

Interconnects hypothalamus from the rostral areas (such as septal nuclei) to the caudal areas (Reticular formation)

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6
Q

Stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus promotes feeding behavior?

A

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

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7
Q

Lesion of what hypothalamic nucleus causes increased feeding?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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8
Q

Where is the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus located? What is its function?

A

Tuberal region

Regulates emotional behavior (Stimulation produces aggressive behavior)

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintenance of body temperature

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10
Q

What nuclei are contained within the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Anterior nucleus

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11
Q

What nuclei are contained within the tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

Dorsomedial nucleus

Arcuate nucleus

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12
Q

What structure transmits hormones from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

Tuberoinfundibular tract and hypophysial portal system

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13
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus represents the primary termination point for axons of the postcommissural fornix?

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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14
Q

Where do axons of the postcommissural fornix arise from?

A

Subiculum

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15
Q

What does the mammillothalamic tract transmit?

A

Axons from medial mammillary nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus

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16
Q

What does the mammillary peduncle transmit?

A

Information from the midbrain reticular formation to the intermediate and lateral mammillary nuclei

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17
Q

Inability to process short-term memory iinto long-term memory may be a sign of a lesion where?

A

Mammillary body

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18
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus transmit to the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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19
Q

What structure does the posterior hypothalamic nucleus merge with?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

20
Q

What is the blood supply to the preoptic area, supraoptic region, septal nuclei, and rostral portions of the lateral hypothalamic area?

A

Anteriomedial group branching from the A1 segment (ACA)

21
Q

What is the blood supply to the tuberal and mammillary regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Rostral portion of P1 => Tuberal

Caudal portion of P1 => Mammillary

22
Q

What structure provides the largest single afferent input to the hypothalamus?

A

Fornix

23
Q

Where does the stria terminalis originate and where does it terminate?

A

Origin: Corticomedial portion of amygdala

Terminate: Septal nuclei

24
Q

What are the hypothalamic efferent structures?

A

Fornix

Medial forebrain bundle

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers

25
Q

Where do the axons of the ventral amygdalofugal pathway terminate?

A

Lateral hypothalamic zone

Septal and preoptic nuclei

26
Q

What does the mammillary fasciculus originate as and where does it go?

A

Origin: Medial mammillary nucleus => mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts => anterior nucleus of the thalamus

27
Q

What is the pathway of the hypothalamothalamic fibers?

A

Lateral preoptic area => project to dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus) and amygdaloid nucleus via stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway

28
Q

What hypothalamic fibers terminate directly in the ANS?

A

Hypothalamospinal and hypothalamomedullary fibers - arise from PVN

Hypothalamomedullary fibers - terminate in solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus

Hypothalamospinal fibers - terminate in intermediolateral cell column

29
Q

What structure do the indirect fibers from the hypothalamus target?

A

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

30
Q

What tract transports oxytocin and ADH to the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraopticohypophysial tract

31
Q

What parts of the brainstem does the tuberoinfundibular tract convey its hormones?

A

Median eminence

Infundibulum

32
Q

What thalamic nucleus is composed of parvicellular, magnocellular, and paralaminar parts?

A

Medial Thalamic Nuclei

33
Q

What lateral thalamic nuclei receive and send nociceptive cutaneous input transmitted over somatosensory pathways?

A

Posterior nuclear complex

34
Q

A stroke involving what thalamic artery may result in total/dissociated sensory loss? May result in what syndrome?

A

Thalamogeniculate A.

Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome

35
Q

What comprises the hippocampal formation?

A

Subiculum

Hippocampus

Dentate gyrus

36
Q

What is the major input to the hippocampus?

A

Cells of Entorhinal cortex via peroforant pathway

37
Q

What is the path of the Circuit of Papez?

A
  1. Medial mammillary nucleus => mammillothalamic tract => anterior nucleus of thalamus
  2. Thalamus => Thalamocortical fibers => Cingulate gyrus
  3. Cingulate gyrus => Entorhinal cortex, subiculum, and hippocampus
  4. Subiculum => Fornix => Mammillary body
38
Q

What are the amygdaloid efferents?

A

Stria terminalis

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

Stria medullaris thalami

39
Q

What role do the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area play in the limbic system?

A

Behaviors related to addiction and chronic pain

40
Q

What happens if there are bilateral lesions in the hippocampi?

A

Amnesia - deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material) but procedural and working memory is spared

41
Q

In Korsakoff’s syndrome, what structures undergo degeneration? What function does this impede?

A

Mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

Cannot commit short term memory to long term memory

42
Q

A patient is a chronic alcoholic. Upon exam, he appears to be unable to understand words on a page. He describes events that have not happened. If left untreated, what disorder may this patient be at risk for?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

43
Q

Where is the lesion if a patient is experiencing phantosmia?

A

Anterior/Medial Temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

44
Q

What has been destroyed in a patient with Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Amygdaloid complex

45
Q

What behavior changes might you see in a patient with Kluver Bucy Syndrome?

A

Visual agnosia

Hyperorality - examines objects w mouth

Hypermetamorphosis - Overreaction to visual stimuli

Placidity - No fear or anger even when appropriate

Hyperphagia - eating lots

Hypersexuality

46
Q

What CN is involved in uncal herniation?

A

CN III (Dilated pupil, double vision ipsilateral to hernia)

47
Q

If an uncal herniation is compressing the brainstem and weakness is seen in the right extremities, where is the lesion?

A

Left CST

NS Exam 3 (15 decks)

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