Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What basal ganglia is involved in eye movements and cognition?

Answer 1

Caudate nucleus

Question 2

What nuclei is the lenticular nucleus composed of?

Answer 2

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

Question 3

The pars compacta and pars reticulata comprise what structure?

Answer 3

Substantia nigra

Question 4

What structures comprise the striatum?

Answer 4

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Question 5

What structures comprise the corpus striatum?

Answer 5

Caudate

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Question 6

What is the embryological origin of the subthalamic nucleus?

Answer 6

Diencephalon

Question 7

What basal ganglia provide input?

Answer 7

Striatal complex:

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Nucleus accumbens

Question 8

What basal ganglia provide output?

Answer 8

Pallidal complex:

Globus pallidus

Substantia innominata

Question 9

What sublenticular tract goes under the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 9

Ansa lenticularis

Question 10

What output tract passes through the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 10

Lenticular fasciculus

Question 11

What tracts feed into the thalamic fasciculus?

Answer 11

Lenticular Fasciculus

Ansa lenticularis

Question 12

What part of the brainstem is the substantia nigra located in?

Answer 12

Midbrain

Question 13

What part of the substantia nigra provides input information?

Answer 13

Pars compacta

Question 14

What part of the thalamus receive input information? Output information?

Answer 14

Input: Internal medullary lamina

Output: VL and VA nuclei

Question 15

What is the function of the indirect pathway of signaling through the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

Prevent extraneous movements while carrying out an action

Question 16

What is the role of the skeletomotor loop?

Answer 16

Control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature

Question 17

What is the role of the oculomotor loop?

Answer 17

Control of saccadic eye movements

Question 18

What is the role of the associative loop?

Answer 18

Role in cognition and executive behavioral functions

Question 19

What is the role of the limbic loop?

Answer 19

Motivational regulation of behavior and emotions

Question 20

What receives the input for the oculomotor and associative loops?

Answer 20

Oculomotor - caudate body

Associative - Caudate head

Question 21

What receives the input for the skeletomotor loop?

Answer 21

Putamen

Question 22

What receives the input from the limbic lobe?

Answer 22

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Question 23

What provides the output for the limbic loop?

Answer 23

Ventral pallidum (substantia innominata)

Globus pallidus internus and SNr

Question 24

What is the role of basal ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 24

Neurons from substantia nigra do not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia

Question 25

What disease is the hypokinetic gait characteristic of?

Answer 25

Parkinson's disease

Question 26

Patient appears with a mask-like expression, pill rolling tremor in the hands, and a flexed trunk. Upon gait examination, patient appears to shuffle when turning. What disease process is this?

Answer 26

Parkinson's Disease

Question 27

Common causes of hypokinetic/Parkinsonian syndrome

Answer 27

Encephalitis lethargica Head trauma MPTP - designer drug Carbon monoxide/manganese poisoning Neuroleptics (DA-blockers) Wilson's disease (copper buildup in body)

Question 28

Degeneration of what basal ganglia results in Huntington's disease? What NT is affected?

Answer 28

Caudate and putamen =\> decreased GABA release =\> Hyperkinesia

Question 29

What drug can be used to treat Huntington's disease?

Answer 29

Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)

Question 30

Sydenham chorea can be caused by what? What population is it normally seen in?

Answer 30

Strep throat Seen in children

Question 31

A patient with whole body spontaneous, rapid, jerky, involuntary movements can be said to have what?

Answer 31

Chorea

Question 32

A patient with a writing, snake-like movement complains he is unable to sustain himself in one position. What is the name for these movements?

Answer 32

Athetosis

Question 33

Ballismus is a result of a lesion in what basal ganglia? How does this present?

Answer 33

Contralateral Subthalamic nucleus Flailing, flinging movement of the whole extremity

Question 34

Peristence or fixing of posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement is called what?

Answer 34

Dystonia