physiology of the phonatory system Flashcards
is there muscle in the false VFs?
no
the false VFs are the _____
outer layers
the true VFs are the __________
inner layers
the superficial and epithelial tissue make the
cover layer
the intermediate and the deep make the
vocal ligament
the superficial, intermediate, and deep make the
lamina propia
the vocal folds are made up of
5 layers with 5 tissue types
the average female thyroid cartilage has a ________________
broader thyroid angle
the broader thyroid angle causes a __________ between the adducted vocal folds
posterior glottal gap
the posterior glottal gap leads to
breathiness
males have a __ angle
smaller
opening and closing the glottis by active muscular force
abduction and adduction
adduction helps with
swallowing and phonating
abduction helps with
breathing
opening and closing the adducted vocal folds by aerodynamic and myoelasic forces; also determines pitch
vocal fold vibration
opening and closing the glottis using the muscles of
adduction and abduction
glottal friction aspiration
noise
breathy , normal, creaky
voicing
glottal stop
silence
over adduction of the VFs can cause
creaky voice
- allowing airflow and sublgottal pressure to blow the adducted vocal folds apart
- allowing elastic recoil forces and the bernouli effect to bring them back together
the open/close cycle of VF vibration
what determines if the VFs are open or closed
arytenoids
1st step in one cycle of phonation
VFs are adducted and subglottal pressure begins to build up
2nd step in one cycle of phonation
subglottal pressure begins to deform the inferior surface of the VFs as pressure continues to build (like skydiving)
3rd step in one cycle of phonation
- traveling surface wave in the mucosa
- the mass of high pressure air begins to develop modulations as it is affected by the motion of the mucosa
4th step in one cycle of phonation
the complex wave of compressed subglottal air breaks free and begins to emerge, from between the VFs — a glottal pulse
5th step in one cycle of phonation
aerodynamic and elastic recoil forces begin to bring to VFs back together
bernouli effect begins to occur
during the bernouli effect in phonation
kinetic energy increases as pressure decreases
6th step in one cycle of phonation
the VFs come back together beginning at the inferior surface
7th step in one cycle of phonation
after a brief period of time the entire medial surface of the VFs come back together
vertical phase difference
amount of time for bottom of VFs and top of VFs to touch
vertical phase difference
8th step in one cycle of phonation
finally the VFs close enough to once again provide a barrier to airflow and permitting subglottal pressure to being building again
getting ready to produce voicing by adducting the VFs
pre-phonation
producing voicing by allowing the adducted vocal folds to vibrate
attack
the period during which the vocal folds move from an abducted position to an adducted position
pre phonation phase
pre-phonation phase
- VFs become adducted
- controlled exhalation is occurring
- subglottal pressure builds up below the adducted VFs
the period during which the VFs undergo regular cycles of aerodynamic and myoelastic vibration
attack phase
- VFs are adducted
- controlled exhalation
- subglottal pressure begins to deform VF from below
- sound wave, glottal pulse
- bernoulli effect
- elastic recoil forces operate to return the VFs to a non-deformed position
attack phase
breathy voice
normal voice
creaky voice
medial compression
pitch modulation
loudness modulation
longitudinal tension
endoscopy
stroboscopy
translumination
measurement of laryngeal functions
the activity of the muscles that control adduction also helps contribute to the amount of tension in the VFs
medical compression
which muscles adduct the vocal folds and also help squeeze them together?
lateral cricoarytenoids, arytenoids, muscularis
there is a _____ relationship between the extent of medial compression and the magnitude of the air pressure required to initiate phonation
direct
the muscles that control the stretching and tensing forces applied to the vocal folds that change the pitch of the voice
longitudinal tension
which muscles make the VFs longer, more tense overall, and less massive per unit of length
cricoidthyroid
which muscles make the VFs more tense internally, more flaccid at the vibrating edge, shorter, and more massive per unit of length?
vocalis
which two muscles must be involved to control pitch?
vocalis and cricoidthyroid
our perception of the fundamental frequency of phonation which is the number of cycles of phonation per second, or hertz, the vocal folds produce when they are vibrating
pitch of the voice
thicker, more flaccid folds vibrate more _________
slowly
thinner more tense folds vibrate ________
quickly
____ vibration is perceived as ____ pitch
faster; higher
_____ vibration as _____ pitch
slower; lower
mass per unit length must be decreased by a factor of ____ in order to _____ the frequency of vibration—– cricothyroid action
4;doubled
habitual pitch is closer to the _____ limits of the individuals pitch range
lower
to lower pitch below habitual pitch, the _____ must contract; and the lateral cricoarytenoid may help by providing needed medial compression to maintain adduction
vocalis
extrinsic laryngeal muscles (___________) are also active
strap muscles
the intensity of phonation is a function of the amount of subglottal pressure being produced by controlled exhalation during speech breathing
loudness modulation
____ intensity is perceived as a _____ sound
higher; louder
____ intensity as a _____ sound
lower; softer
the sound intensity level of the voice will increase by about _____ when subglottal pressure is _____
8-12; doubles
speakers can vary intensity by as much as _____ by controlling the rate of airflow
70 dB
as pitch rises …..
subglottal pressure must rise
speakers can produce a larger dynamic range of intensity at the ______
mid range of pitch
a narrow device equipped with a light source and a small camera that can be inserted down the throat to take pictures of laryngeal function
endoscope
an endoscope with a stroboscopic light source that permits the viewer to observe phonation in what appears to be slow motion
stroboscope
a procedure in which a light sensor placed on the neck near the level of the glottis measure a light source that shines through the glottis during abduction and phonation
translumination
for phonation to occur the muscles of _____ must operate to bring the VFs together
adduction
phonation is the ____ source for speech
sound
