Lesson 2 Flashcards
cell structure
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- chromosomes
- DNA
characteristics of living things
- metabolism
- growth
- reproduction
- irritability
- self generated motion
basic unit of human life
cell
- group of cells that have a common function
- five basic types of tissue with subordinate groups within each type
- categorized by differing amounts and kinds of intercellular material and different shapes of cells
tissues
tissues are categorized by
differing amounts and kinds of intercellular material and different shapes of cells
elementary tissues
- Epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
- vascular
sheets of cells resting on a collagen-based membranous surface
epithelial tissue
where is epithelial tissue at?
- skin
- glandular
- lining of body cavities
- cilia
bind and support various structures in the body. mostly intercellular matrix of various kinds within which are the cells
connective tissue
mix of white and yellow fibers
areolar and adipose
white fibers
tendons (tight)
yellow fibers
ligaments (loose)
connect muscles to other muscles, to bones or to cartliages
tendons
tendon that connects to itself
aponeurosis
connects bone to cone, cartilage to cartilage, or bone to cartilage
ligaments
- part of the skeletal system
- withstands great pressure, but tears easily
cartilage (chondro)
types of cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
milky white; forms structures like larynx and trachea; collagen fibers in its intercellular matrix; may “ossify” or harden over time
hyaline
yellowish; elastic fibers; forms pinna, nose, epiglottis
elastic
surfaces between the vertebrae and surfaces of the temporo-mandibular joint
fibro-cartilage
- main portion of skeletal system
- strong, rigid
- intercellular matrix largely inorganic salts
bone (os)
connections between bones and bones, cartilages and cartilages, and bones and cartilages
joints (arthro)
types of joints
- syntarthroidial
- amphiarthroidial
- diarthroidial
between bones of cranium; fibrous or immovable
syntarthroidial
allow moderate flexion between bones; flexible; vertebrae and spinal column
amphiarthroidial
allow movement between bones or cartilages; movable or synovial; elbow, laryngeal cartilages
diarthroidial
types of vascular tissue
- blood
- lymph
- brings nutrients to the cells of the body
- carries bi-products of metabolism away from the cells of the body
- matrix = plasma
- blood cells (red and white)
blood
- defense against disease
- has its own circulatory system
lymph
- tissues that provides movement in the body
muscles (myo, mylo, sarco)
types of muscle
- striated
- smooth
- cardiac
voluntary, somatic, skeletal; we control to effect movement; running, chewing, articulating speech; contract = shorter
striated muscle
involuntary and visceral; forms many internal organs over which we do not have voluntary control; esophagus, intestines; squeezing, milking action
smooth muscle
characteristics of straited and smooth muscle; forms the heart
cardiac muscle
the amount of contraction present even when a muscle is not being actively used
tone
low muscle tone
hypotonia
excessive tone
hypetonic
muscle attachments
- origin
- insertion
- course
the more fixed end of the muscle
origin
the end of the muscle that moves the most
insertion
the direction in which the muscle lies
course
how to name conventions
- by origin and insertion
- by function
- by location
the cells comprising the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
neurons
respond to external stimuli and send bioelectrical signals to the brain through a chain of _______________
afferent neurons
carry bioelectrical signals from the brain to other parts of the body through a chain of __________ (send the signals that make muscles move)
efferent neurons
collections of tissues that work together in functional unity
organs and tissue aggregates
