physiology of the articulatory system Flashcards
the sounds produced by the vocal tract as air is forced through it and begins to resonate
segments
sounds differentiate into ______ and _____ as the size and shape of the cavities of the vocal tract change with the movements of the articulators
consonants; vowels
which cavities can resonate?
any air filled cavities
segments produced with a relatively closed vocal tract (mandible elevated)
consonants
the location of the closure and the degree of closure determines in part which _______ is being produced
consonant
the presence or absence of _______ during consonant articulation also helps distinguish among consonants
phonation
what is the vertical axis of the consonant chart indicating?
degree of constriction
what are the degrees of constriction?
stop
affricative
fricative
approximant
what is the horizontal axis of the consonant chart indicating?
location of constriction
what are the locations of constriction?
labial
lingual
glottal
where the articulators touch or come closest to touching
places of articulation
what are the place of articulation?
bilabial labiovelar labiodental interdental alveolar alveopalatal palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal
place of articulation on the upper and lower lips
bilabial
place of articulation on the upper and lower lips as well as tongue dorsum and velum
labiovelar
place of articulation on the upper teeth and lower lip
labiodental
place of articulation on the tongue tip between upper and lower teeth
interdental
place of articulation on the tongue tip or blade and alveolar ridge
alveolar
place of articulation on the tongue blade or front of tongue body and post-alveolar region
alveopalatal
place of articulation on the center of the tongue body and hard palate
palatal
place of articulation on the tongue dorsum ad anterior surface of velum
velar
place of articulation on the tongue dorsum and uvula
uvular
place of articulation on the tongue dorsum or root and pharyngeal wall
pharyngeal
place of articulation in the deep throat next to the glottis
glottal
if the nasal cavity is coupled with the oral and pharyngeal cavity the velum is ____ and the velo-pharyngeal port is ____; such consonants are _____
down, open, nasal
if the nasal cavity is not coupled with the oral and pharyngeal cavity then the velum is ____ and touching the ______, and the velo-pharyngeal port is _____; such sounds are ____
up, pharyngeal, closed, oral
if the tongue blade is in a normal, relatively flat shape, the sound is ______
central
is the side of the tongue blade are curled down the sound is ______
lateral
if the tongue tip is in a normal, relatively flat position, the sound has ______________
no particular term describing it
if the tongue tip is curled up and back the sound is ___________
retroflex
touching articulators
stops
close enough to create noise articulators
fricatives
far enough apart to produce a smooth flow of air articulators
approximants
sounds that begin like a stop and end like a fricative
affricative
a very brief stop made with a touch or a brush of the tongue tip or blade
taps and flaps
a series of very fast stops usually used in spanish
trills
segments produced with a relatively open vocal tract (mandible depressed)
vowels
the size and shape of the three cavities determine which _____ is produced (position and shape)
vowel
some vowels are made with a stable vocal tract shape; ____________
monophthongs
some are made while the shape is changing; ____________
diphthongs
vowels are usually _________
voiced
the vertical side of the vowel chart is the
mandible height
the horizontal side of the vowel chart is the
tongue position
diphthong vowels are made using a _______
mobile vocal tract
how closed is the mouth?
how high is the tongue in the mouth?
height
how far forward or backward is the tongue in the mouth?
frontness or backness
how are the lips shaped?
unrounded
spread
rounded
lip position
does the vowel have “r-coloring”?
if so, the tongue is retroflexed, and the sound is called a rhotic
rhotacization
S
mandible is elevated for the fricative consonant
temporalis, masseter, and internal pterygoid muscles are contracted
tongue is advanced in the oral cavity (genioglossus) and the tip is elevated toward the alveolar ridge (superior longitudinal tongue muscle) to produce the alveolar fricative
velum is up to produce an oral sound (uvula and levator veli palatini)
W
mandible is slightly depressed to produce the approximant consonant
anterior belly digastric, external pterygoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid
lips are rounded (orbicularis oris) and tongue dorsum is elevated and retracted toward velum (palatoglossus and styloglossus); tongue body bunches up for labio-velar sound (transverse tongue muscle)
velum remains up for oral sound (uvula and levator veli palatini)
I
mandible is depressed further for the high front vowel (anterior belly of digastric, external pterygoid, mylohoid, and geniohyoid)
tongue is again advanced in the oral cavity to produce a front vowel (genioglossus) and the body continues elevated to produce a high vowel (palatoglossus)
velum is still up (uvula and levator palatini) for the oral sound
lips spread (buccinator and risorius muscle)
M
mandible is elevated to produce the stop consonant (temporalis, masseter, and interal pterygoid muscles)
lips are compressed for bilabial articulation (buccinator)
velum is depressed for a nasal sound ( palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus)
the unique form of oral output produced by the human vocal organs using physiological processes that evolved for the life sustaining functions of respiration and ailmentation
speech sounds
the results of a cognitive process that permits us to assign meaning to these sounds and use them for communication
language
