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Neuroendocrinology > Physiology of the ANS > Flashcards

Physiology of the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

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2
Q

Where is the ganglion in parasympathetic vs sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic - on/near target organ

Sympathetic - close to CNS

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3
Q

What types of cues are involved in autonomic reflex arcs?

A

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, etc

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4
Q

Where are autonomic responses processed?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the difference in neurons between the skeletal muscle reflex arc and autonomic reflex arc?

A

In skeletal muscle arc there is just one neuron (cell body is in the spinal cord), in autonomic arc there are two neurons

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6
Q

What type of receptor is on the post-synaptic membrane of the post-ganglionic cell in both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

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7
Q

What does synapse #2 look like in the ANS?

A

Varicosities (swellings in the nerve) contain vesicles with NTs and act the same way as pre-synaptic terminals. On the post-synaptic side there are many spread out receptors everywhere in the smooth muscle or gland

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8
Q

What NT is released at synapse #2 in the parasympathetic nervous system and what does it bind to?

A

Ach which binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the target cells

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9
Q

What superfamily of receptors are the muscarinic receptors part of?

A

Metabotropic (serpentine) receptors [second messenger systems]

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10
Q

What are M1R, M3R, and M5R receptors coupled to?

A

Gq protein second messenger which leads to increase of intracellular Ca2+

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11
Q

What is the role of the M1R?

A

Secretion of salivary glands and secretion of acid-secreting cells in stomach

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12
Q

What is the role of the M3R?

A

Contraction of smooth muscles and secretion of exocrine/sweat glands

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13
Q

What are the M2R and M4R receptors coupled to?

A

Gi protein which decrease cAMP and open K+ channels (hyperpolarizing/repolarizing cell membrane)

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14
Q

What is the role of the M2R?

A

On the SA node in the heart, slows heart rate

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15
Q

What NT is released at synapse #2 in the sympathetic nervous system and what does it bind to?

A

Norepinephrine which binds to adrenergic receptors

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16
Q

What is norepinephrine/noradrenaline released by in the ANS? What is epinephrine/adrenaline released by in the ANS?

A

Nerves. Adrenal glands.

17
Q

What superfamily of receptors are the adrenergic receptors part of?

A

The serpentine superfamily

18
Q

What are the two major classes of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

19
Q

How do alpha 1 adrenergic receptors work?

A

Coupled to Gq which leads to increase in Ca2+ intracellularly

20
Q

What do alpha 1 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Contract smooth muscles of blood vessels and urinary/reproductive tracts, stimulate glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis in liver, stimulate lypolysis of adipose tissue, reduce watery secretion in lacrimal glands, contract iris to dilate pupil

21
Q

How do alpha 2 adrenergic receptors work?

A

Coupled to Gi which leads to decreased cAMP

22
Q

What do alpha 2 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Contract GI sphincters, decrease insulin and increase glucagon for energy release, dilate smooth muscles of blood vessels, increase platelet clotting activity

23
Q

How do beta adrenergic receptors work?

A

Coupled to Gs which leads to increased cAMP production

24
Q

What do beta 1 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Increase HR and strength of contraction, viscous secretions of salivary glands, and lipolysis of adipose tissue

25
Q

What do beta 2 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Relax bronchiole smooth muscles and GI smooth muscles, relax vascular smooth muscles, stimulate glycogenolysis in liver, relax ciliary muscle to flatten lens of eye

26
Q

What do beta 3 adrenergic receptors do?

A

Lipolysis in white adipose tissue and heat production in brown adipose tissue

27
Q

What cells release epinephrine as part of the sympathetic response?

A

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

28
Q

What is unusual about the sympathetic fibers and the adrenal medulla?

A

Some sympathetic axons go through the ganglion and synapse in the adrenal medulla instead of synapsing in the paravertebral ganglion. It releases Ach at the chromaffin cells which binds to nicotinic receptors (instead of norepinephrine)

Neuroendocrinology (16 decks)

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