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RB Y2 ENT > Physiology of Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Physiology of Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

what type of receptors are taste and smell receptors

A

chemoreceptors - stimulated by binding to particular chemicals

stimulation induces a pleasurable/objectionable sensation

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2
Q

what protectional function does taste and smell have

A

check for quality control eg poisons taste bitter, off food tastes bad

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3
Q

do taste and smell influence eachother ?

A

yes, taste perception is influenced by information from smell receptors

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4
Q

do taste and smell have an influence on the flow of digestive juices?

A

yes

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5
Q

gustation

A

the action of tasting

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6
Q

where are the sensory receptor cells of taste found

A

mainly taste buds - they are the sense organs of taste

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7
Q

what is the life span of taste receptor cells

A

about ten days, they are replaced from basal cells in the taste buds

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8
Q

sensation of taste and taste buds

A

taste buds consist of sensory receptor cells and support cells

the receptor cells synapse with afferent nerve fibres

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9
Q

where are taste buds mainly present

A

tongue, palate, epiglottis and pharynx

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10
Q

what gives the rough apperance to the dorsum of the tongue

A

papillae - contain taste buds

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

which papillae on the tongue are not involved in tasting

A

filliform - the most numberous, they are involved in general sensory eg touch and temperature

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13
Q

tastant

A

capable of eliciting gustatory excitation e.g. stimulating the sensation of taste

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14
Q

describe the stimulation of the sensation of taste

A

binding of tastant to receptor cell alters cell ionic channels and produces depoalrising receptor potential

RP initiates action potential in afferent nerve fibres which synapse with receptor cells

signals conveyed by CN via brainstem and thalamus to cortical gustatory areas

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15
Q

which cranial nerves do afferent taste fibres reach the brainstem via

A

CNVII

CNIX

CNX - areas other than tongue

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16
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes

A

salt

sour

sweet

bitter

umami (meaty or savoury)

17
Q

salty taste

A

stimualted by chemical salts, especially NaCl

18
Q

sour taste

A

stimulated by acids which contain free hydrogen ions

19
Q

sweet taste

A

stimulated by configuration of glucose

20
Q

bitter taste

A

stimulated by diverse group of tastants eg alkaloids, poisonous substances and toxic plant derivatives

21
Q

umami taste

A

triggered by amino acids, especially glutamate

22
Q

ageusia

A

loss of taste sensation

can be caused by eg nerve damage, local inflammation, endocrine disorders

23
Q

what is ageusia often associated with

A

anosmia

24
Q

hypogeusia

A

reduced taste function

can be caused by eg chemo and medications

25
Q

dysguesia

A

distortion of taste function

can be caused by e.g. glossitis; gum infections; tooth decay; reflux; upper respiratory infections; medications; neoplasms; chemotherapy; zinc deficiency

26
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa located

A

3.

ceiling of nasal cavity

27
Q

what is the function of the basal cells in the olfactory mucosa

A

secrete mucous

28
Q

which 3 types of cells does the olfactory mucosa contain

A

basal cells

supporting cells

olfactory receptor cells

29
Q

describe the olfactory receptor cells

A

specialised endings of renewable afferent neurones

each neuron has a thick short dendrite and an expanded end known as an olfactory rod

cilia project from the olfactory rod onto the surface of the olfactory mucosa (mucus layer)

odorants bind to the cilia

30
Q

what is the lifetime of olfactory receptors

A

2 months

  • basal cells act as precursors for new olfactory receptor cells
31
Q
A
32
Q

how are different odours discriminated between

A

olfactory receptors have different sensitivity to different substances

33
Q

what is the purpose of sniffing (olfaction)

A

during quiet breathing odourants only reach smell receptors by diffusion as the olfactory mucosa is above the normal path of airflow

sniffing enhances smelling by drawing air upwards within the nasal cavity

34
Q

what 2 things must a substance be to be smelled

A

sufficiently volatile to enter the nose in inspired air

sufficiently water soluble to dissolve in the mucus coating the oflactory mucosa

35
Q

what may be an early sign fo Parkinsons disease

A

hyposmia

36
Q

causes of anosmia

A

viral infections, allergy , nasal polyps, head injurt

37
Q

examples of dysosmia

A

differently interpreting some odours and hallucinations of smell

RB Y2 ENT (22 decks)

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