Anatomy: Palate Flashcards
outline the boundaries of the oral cavity
upper and lower teeth
floor of mouth and tongue
oropharynx
hard and soft palate
which muscles form the floor of the mouth
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tongue tie
the frenulum of the tongue is too short and binds the tongue to the gingivae of the lowe incisor teeth
how much of daily saliva do your salivary glands produce
90%
how do salivary glands keep your mouth moist
basal secretions
which salivary glands can normally be palpated
submandibular
describe the course of the parotid duct
(duct of Stensen)
crosses masseter, pierces medially through buccinator then opens on the parotid papilla of buccal mucosa
where does the submanidbular gland open onto
sublingual papilla
where are the sublingual ducts
on the sublingual fold in the floor of the mouth
describe the sensory innervation of the parotid gland
CNV3 - auriclotemporal branch
describe the autonomic innervation of the parotid gland
parasympathetic secretomotor:
- CNIX synpases with the otic ganglion
- the auriculotemporal nerve (CNV3) then carries parasympathetic fibres from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland
- increase in saliva production
what mucosa is the tongue covered in
lingual mucosa
what is the function of the papillae at the front of the tongue
general sensory - touch, temperature etc
what is the origin of the thyroid gland
foramen caecum
inferiorly migrates whilst attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct
foramen caecum
what is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
to change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
extrinsic tongue muscles
function of the intrinsic tongue muscles
modify the shape of the tongue during function
where does CNVII attach connect to the CNS
rootlets attach to the junction between pons and medulla oblongata
so does CNVIII
which bone is the hypoglossal canal in
occipital bone
describe the innervation of the muscles of the tongue
all CNXII
except palatoglossus - CNX
describe the course of CNXII extracranially
descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath - over it
at level of hyoid bone (C3) passes anteriorly towards lateral aspect of the tongue
clinical testing of CNXII
ask patient to stick tongue straight out
- both functioning: tongue tip remains in midline
- unilateral CNXII damage, tongue tip points towards injured nerve side
how does CNXII pass in relation to the external carotid artery and the lingual artery
laterally (over)
blood supply of tongue
mainly from lingual artery (from external carotid artery)
what are the upper and lower rows of teeth called
upper and lower dental arch
how must a laceration that crosses the vermillion border be treated
refer to plastic surgeon
which bones is the hard palate formed from
palatine process of maxilla
palatine bone
lateral and medial pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
what is found on the anterior surface of the hard palate
rugae
hard palate - palatine process of maxilla and palatine bone
palatine bone
pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
note pterygoid hamulus
what are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate innervated by
CNX
except tensor veli palanti (CNV3)
function of the soft palate
stops food entering the nose during swallowing
helps close off entrance into oropharynx during gag reflex
directs air into nose or mouth during speech, coughing and vomiting
clinical testing of CNX and CNV3
ask patient to open mouth and say ahh
if the nerves are functioning the uvula should lift straight up to the midline
if there is unilateral nerve pathology the uvula will be pulled away from the non functioning side by the normal side
muscle and innervation
palatopharyngeus
- muscle of soft palate - CNX
where do all the pharyngeal constrictor (circular) muscles insert
midline raphe
what are the pharyngeal circulr muscles innervated by
CNX - pharyngeal plexus
describe the contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
external layer that overlap eachother
they contract sequentially - voluntary
what is the stylopharyngeus innervated by
CNIX
what are the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus innervated by
CNX
what is the action of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
elevate pharynx and larynx
where do all the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert
posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
stylopharyngeus
- CNIX
salpingopharyngeus - CNX
palatopharyngeus
longitduninal muscles of pharynx
where does the stylopharyngeus originate and insert
styloid process of petrous part of temporal bone
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
where does your palatopharyngeus originate and insert
palate
posterior border of thyroid cartilage
choana - passage from nasal cavity into nasopharynx
posterior nasal apertures
choana (posterior nasal apertures)
waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue
palatine tonsil
what are regional nodes
the group of lymph nodes that first receive the lymph that has drained from a given structure
what are the regional nodes for the tip of the tongue
submental nodes
where do the submandibular nodes lie in relation to teh submandibular gland
superficial to the gland
where are the deep cervical nodes found
in the carotid sheath
which node drains the palatine tonsil
jugulo-digastric
what do the deep cervical lymph nodes lie alone
IJV
what do the superficial cervical nodes lie along
external jugular vein
describe the appearance of lymph nodes in cancer
- swollen and hard
- irregular
- not painful
- fixed
- dont improve
- circular (benign are elliptical)
- benign: fatty hilum, regular vascular supply
why is there a need for bilateral examination of lymph nodes
some midline structures drain bilaterally eg tip of tongue drains to R and L submental nodes
tonsillar sinus
space between the arches where the palatine tonsil lies
innervated by CNIX
adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsil
mylohyoid muscle - forms the floor of the oral cavity
mylohyoid - forms the floor of the mouth
geniohyoid - forms the floor of the oral cavity (genio = chin)
digastric muscle - anterior belly helps form the floor of the mouth
which artery is this?
lingual artery, from external carotid
is the mylohyoid paired or unpaired?
paired
palatine bone
