Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction SB > Physiology of Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Physiology of Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the timeline for fertilised embryo moving into the uterus

A

day 1 = fertilisation in ampulla
day 3-5 = transport of blastocyst into the uterus
day 5-8 = blastocyst attaches to lining of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do the inner cells of the blastocyst develop into

A

the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the outer cells of the blastocysts and what do they do

A

trophoblastic cells

  • penetrate the endometrium and burrow into the uterine wall
  • will become the placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how long does it take for the trophoblastic cells to burrow deep enough for the blastocyst to become buried in uterine lining

A

12 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast and decidual [endometrium] tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are placental villi’s formed

A

Trophoblast cells differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast&raquo_space; invade decidua&raquo_space; break down capillaries&raquo_space; form cavities filled with maternal blood

Developing embryo sends capillaries into these projections&raquo_space; placental villi’s formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

by when is the placenta [and foetal heart] functional by

A

5th week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does the early nutrition of the embryo come from

A

the invasion of trophoblastic cells into the decidua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the role of HCG in the nutrition of the embryo

A

signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone&raquo_space;> stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the placenta essential work as

A

physiological arteriovenous shunt

- due to circulation within the intervillous space between mother and foetus blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is another key role of the placenta

A

plays as role as fetal lungs

  • Oxygen diffuses from the maternal into the fetal circulation system
  • CO2 follows reverse gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does Fetal, oxygen saturated blood return to the fetus

A

via the umbilical vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does maternal, oxygen-blood blood return to the mother’s circulation

A

via uterine veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what 3 factors facilitate oxygen transport in fetus blood

A

fetal Hb - increased ability to carry O2

higher Hb conc in fetal blood

Bohr effect - Fetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low pCO2 than in high pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does water and electrocytes diffuse across the placenta

A

water diffuses along osmotic gradient

electrolytes follows water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the only electrolytes that can go from mother to child

A

iron and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does glucose get across the placenta

A

simplified transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what role does HCG have in fetal development

A

effect on the testes of male fetus - development of sex organs

prevents corpus luteum degrading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

from when is HCS produced

A

around week 5 of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what effects does HCS have

A

growth hormone-like effects: protein tissue formation.

decreases insulin sensitivity in mother: more glucose for the fetus

involved in breast development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of progesterone

A

development of decidual cells

decreases uterus contractility

preparation for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function estrogens

A

enlargement of uterus

breast development

relaxation of ligments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is an indicator of vitality of the foetus

A

estriol level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what affect does the placenta releasing CRH have on the mother

A

increases ACTH
» increases aldosterone
» increases cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the increase in aldosterone cause

A

hypertension

26
Q

what does the increase in cortisol cause

A

oedema

insulin resistance&raquo_space; gestational diabetes

27
Q

what affect does the placenta releasing HCG have on the mother

A

hyperthyroidism

28
Q

what affect does the placenta increasing calcium demands have on the mother

A

hyperparathyroidism

29
Q

what are cardiovascular maternal changes seen in pregnancy

A

Increase in CO [due to demands of fetal circulation]

HR increases

BP drops during 2nd trimester

30
Q

where does CO normally sit in pregnancy

A

30-50% above normal

- beginning week 6 gestation and peaking around 24 weeks

31
Q

what are all normal changes seen in pregnancy in the mother - in relation to the heart

A

ECG changes

functional murmurs

heart sounds

32
Q

how does CO change in the last 8 weeks of pregnancy

A

decreases as uterus compresses vena cava

33
Q

what can the HR increase up to in pregnancy

A

90/min

34
Q

what are haematological changes seen in pregnancy

A

plasma volume increases proportionally w/ CO

erythropoesis (RBC) increases
» Hb decreases by dilution

iron requirements increases&raquo_space; supplements may be needed

35
Q

what causes resp changes seen in pregnancy

A

increasing progesterone
enlarging uterus
increasing O2 consumption

36
Q

how does progesterone affect resp

A

signals the brain to lower CO2 levels

37
Q

how does the body work to lower CO2 levels

A

RR increases
Tidal volume increases
pCO2 decreases slightly

Vital capacity and PO2 don’t change

38
Q

what urinary changes are seen in pregnancy

A

GFR and renal plasma flow increase

39
Q

when does the increase in GFR and renal plasma flow increase

A

@ 16-24 weeks

40
Q

how can postural changes affect renal function

A

upright position decreases
supine position increases
lateral position increases

41
Q

what is pre-eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension + proteinuria

42
Q

what leads to the proteinuria

A

Kidney function declines: salt and water retention - oedema formation (esp hands and face)

Renal blood flow and GFR decreases

43
Q

what is the single most significant risk of getting pre-eclampsia

A

having had pre-eclampsia previously

44
Q

what are other RF for pre-eclampsia

A 
pre-existing hypertension, diabetes
autoimmune diseases (eg lupus)
renal disease
FHx of pre-eclampsia
obesity 
women with a multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth)
45
Q

what are SX of eclampsia

A

vascular spasms, extreme hypertension, chronic seizures & coma

46
Q

what is the Tx of eclampsia

A

vasodilators and c-section

47
Q

what is the average maternal weight gain

A

24lbs

48
Q

what causes insulin resistance in pregnancy

A

HCS
cortisol
growth hormone

49
Q

what is the special nutritional needs in pregnancy

A 
high protein
iron supplements
vitamin B
folic acid
Vit D3 + Ca2+ supplements
50
Q

what is given before labour to prevent intracranial bleeding

A

Vitamin K

51
Q

what is parturition

A

birth of baby

52
Q

how does the Estrogen:Progesterone ratio help in labour

A

progesterone inhibits contractility while estrogen increases contractility.

53
Q

where is oxytocin made

A

maternal posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A

increases contractions and excitability

55
Q

what are Braxton Hicks contractions

A

sporadic uterine contractions

56
Q

what does cervical stretching cause

A

further oxytocin release

57
Q

what effect does oxytocin have on the placenta

A

stimulates it to make prostaglandins which stimulate more vigorous contractions of the uterus

58
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour

A

1st stage: cervical dilation (8-24 hours).
2nd stage: passage through birth canal (few min to 30 min).
3rd stage: expulsion of placenta.

59
Q

what inhibits milk production

A

oestrogen

progesterone

60
Q

what stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

61
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

causes smooth muscle contraction so milk is ejected

Reproduction SB (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions