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Reproduction SB > Normal Term and Preterm Infant > Flashcards

Normal Term and Preterm Infant Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of extremely preterm

A

23 weeks to 27 weeks

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2
Q

what is the definition of very preterm

A

28 weeks to 31 weeks

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3
Q

what is the definition of preterm

A

32 weeks to 36 weeks

i.e. anything before 37 weeks gestation

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4
Q

what is the definition of term

A

37 weeks to 42 weeks

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5
Q

what is the definition of post term

A

anything after 42 weesk

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6
Q

what is important about the 3rd trimester for the baby

A

daily weigh again of about 7g of fat per day

about 24g by end of the semester

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7
Q

what is transferred via the placenta in the 3rd trimester

A

iron, vitamins, calcium, phosphate & antibodies

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8
Q

what is the normal weigh range for a baby

A

2.5kg - 4kg

> 4kg is large for gestational age
< 2.5kg is small for gestational age

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9
Q

what type of environment is the baby faced with during contractions and how does it try deal with this

A

hypoxic environment

- fetal Hb helps release O2

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10
Q

what happens in the first few minutes after a baby is born

A

first breath/cry

alveolar expansions

decreased pulmonary arterial pressure

change from fetal to newborn circulation

increased PaO2

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11
Q

what is a normal APGAR score

A

8/10 or greater

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12
Q

what are the 5 categories of the APGAR score

A 
HR
Resp
Responsiveness
Tone 
Colour
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13
Q

what is Haemolytic Disease Newborn

A

alloimmune condition

  • the IgG antibodies passed from mother to foetus attack the red blood cells causing haemolysis
  • range of severity
  • can cause anaemia and a reticulocytosis
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14
Q

what vaccinations do infants get

A

Hepatitis B at birth
BCG first month
Routine vaccinations 8 weeks

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15
Q

what is caput succedaneum

A

oedema, of a newborn’s scalp soon after delivery
appears as a lump or a bump
should disappear after a few days

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16
Q

what is moulding

A

the shape of the infant head to the shape of the mothers birth canal

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17
Q

what are Ebsteins pearls

A

small white or yellow cystic vesicles often seen in the median palate

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome

A 
epicanthal folds 
small eye openings
flat mid face 
upturned nose
smooth philtrum
thin upper lip
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19
Q

what are the hip examinations preformed on a new born baby

A

barlow manoeuvre

  • screens for DDH,
  • dislocates the hip

ortolani
- relocated the hip

20
Q

what puts a baby at high risk of being born premature

A

maternal smoking/alcohol/drug use
abnormally shaped uterus
multiple pregnancy
interval of < 6 months between pregnancies
conceiving through in vitro fertilisation
maternal poor nutrition

21
Q

what are causes of preterm birth

A 
spontaneous preterm
multiple pregnancy 
preterm prelabour rupture of membrane
pregnancy associated HTN
IUGR
antepartum haemorrhage
cervical incompetence
22
Q

what is the difference between a preterm infant and a term infant

A

Get cold even faster
Have more fragile lungs
Don’t breathe effectively
Have fewer reserves

23
Q

what are examples of conditions caused by system immaturity

A

respiratory distress syndrome
patent ductus arteriosus
intraventricular haemorrhage
nectrotising enterocolitis

24
Q

neonatal sepsis can be split into two types

A 
early onset (EOS)
- mainly due to bacteria acquired before and during delivery
late onset (LOS)
- acquired after delivery
25
Q

what organisms commonly cause neonatal sepsis

A

Group B streptococcus (GBS)

Gram negative organisms:
Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and Salmonella

Gram positive organisms:
Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes

26
Q

what is important to remember when using incubators

A

incubators increase infection

27
Q

what are resp complications of prematurity

A

RDS
Apnoea of prematurity
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

28
Q

several pathologies can cause RDS - what are the primary pathology

A

Surfactant deficiency

Structural immaturity

29
Q

several pathologies can cause RDS - what are the secondary pathology

A

Alveolar damage
Formation of exudate from leaky capillaries
Inflammation

30
Q

what are features of RDS

A

Tachypnoea
Grunting, Nasal flaring
Intercostal recessions
Cyanosis

31
Q

Mx of RDS

A

maternal steroid
surfactant
ventilation [invasive/non-invasive]

32
Q

what are the cardiovascular concerns in the preterm infant

A

PDA

Systemic hypotension

33
Q

what happens in PDA

A

Duct does not respond to “close” signals

Leads to symptoms of congestive heart failure

Oxygen requirements are high

Exacerbates RDS

34
Q

what type of murmur is heard in PDA

A

machine like murmur

35
Q

what is an Intraventricular Haemorrhage

A

a form of intracranial haemorrhage that occurs in preterm infants, which begins with bleeding into the germinal matrix.

36
Q

Risk factors for IVH

A

prematurity

RDS

37
Q

when does IVH commonly present

A

most occur within first day of life or within 72 hours

38
Q

how does IVH present

A 
Diminished/absent Moro reflex.
Poor muscle tone.
Sleepiness.
Lethargy.
Apnoea.
39
Q

Mx of IVH

A

preventive measures

- antenatal steroids

40
Q

what is NEC

A

widespread necrosis in the small and large intestine

usually after recovering from RDS

41
Q

Sx of NEC

A 
lethargy
bloody stool 
temperature instability
aponea 
bradycardia 
abdominal extension
42
Q

what are long term potential complications of prematurity

A

cerebral palsy

43
Q

what is the HR range expected in a newborn

A

120-140/min

44
Q

what is the RR range expected in a newborn

A

40-60/min

45
Q

what type of infections do new borns get

A

Septicaemia
CNS - meningitis
Respiratory - pneumonia
GU – UTI

46
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of septicaemia

A

group B strep

47
Q

what is transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN)

A

presents in the neonate as tachypnoea for the first few hours of life, lasting up to one day.

The tachypnoea resolves by two days.

Reproduction SB (30 decks)

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