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Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing > Physiology of Phonation > Flashcards

Physiology of Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

-Given constant volume flow of air of fluid
-At point of restriction
-Decrease in pressure perpendicular to flow
-increase in flow velocity
-Simply
-If tube constricts
-Air flows faster through constriction and pressure on the wall at constriction is lower than area not constricted

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2
Q

Bernoulli Effect and Vocal Fold Vibration

A

-Trachea and larynx create tube
-Glottis is space between vocal folds
-When vocal folds aew abducted, no constriction
-Adducting vocal folds creates constriction
-Steady volume of air from lungs
-Bernoulli Effect
-Area of low pressure between folds
-Sucked into low pressure or together

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3
Q

At Constriction

A

-Increase velocity, decrease pressure between folds
-Folds suck together when pressure drops
-As folds contact
-Instantaneous pressure above folds drops
-Transglottal pressure across closed folds increases
-Folds blown apart
-Flow begins again when folds blown apart

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4
Q

Phonation Broken Into 3 Stages

A

-Onset (Attack)
-Sustained
-Offset

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5
Q

Onset of Phonation (Attack)

A

-To start phonation
-VF’s must adduct
-VF’s move into airstream
-known as vocal attack
-phonation begins

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6
Q

Three Basic Types of Vocal Attack

A

-Simultaneous
-Breathy
-Glottal

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7
Q

Simultaneous Attack

A

breath stream starts as vocal folds adduct
most natural

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8
Q

Breathy Attack

A

Breath streams starts prior to the adduction of the

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9
Q

Glottal Attack

A

-VF’s forceful closure
-Breath stream starts after folds adduct

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10
Q

Sustained Phonation

A

-Requires maintenance of laryngeal posture tonic contraction of muscles
-VF’s held fixed position in airstream
-Muscle spindles within thyroarytenoid muscle responsible for maintenance of muscle posture
-Phonation aerodynamics control VF vibrations

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11
Q

Offset Stage

A

-Abduct vocal folds terminate phonation
-Vocal folds far enough apart = pressure drop small
-If small pressure drop = folds not sucked together
-Phonation terminates
-Termination performed by abduction muscles

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12
Q

Vocal Folds Rate of Vibration

A

-fundamental freq f0
-120 Hz Males
-220 Hz females
-250 Hz children

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13
Q

Pitch Changes

A

-Increased tension = increased pitch
-Increased mass = decreased pitch
-muscles that tense = increased pitch
-muscles that relax = decreased pitch
-muscles that decrease length = decrease pitch
-muscles that increase length = increase pitch

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14
Q

Increasing VF Tension

A

-Primary mechanism
-Cricothyroid muscle contracts
-Pulls thyroid cartilage forwards
-Stretches and tightens VF

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15
Q

Pitch Change and Respiration

A

-Increase tension and medial compression = increases f0
-Increase tension requires increased subglottal pressure to overcome increased tension
-Increased subglottal pressure is necessary to sustain pitch, but not increase it

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16
Q

Decreasing VF Tension

A

-Primary mechanism
-Thyroarytenoid muscle contracts
-Shortening VFs
-reducing tension

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17
Q

VF Vibration Stages

A

-Opening phase
-Open phase
-Closing phase
-Closed phase = subglottal air pressure builds up below VFs

18
Q

Vocal Intensity Change

A

-Subglottal pressure
-Closed vibration stage

19
Q

Normal Conversation Intensity

A

-Opening phase 50% of time
-Open phase
-Closing Phase 37% of time
-Closed phase 13% of time

20
Q

Increased Vocal Intensity

A

-Opening phase 33% of time
-Open phase
-Closing phase
-Closed phase 30% of time

21
Q

Concept to Remember

A

-Increased vocal intensity requires increased sound pressure

22
Q

How to Increase Vocal Intensity

A

-VF must compress tight
-Requires more force to blow VFs apart
-VFs close faster and remain closed due to tight compression
-VF release stronger due to tight compression
-VFs blow apart more vigorously
- Produces explosive compression of air
-Greater VF eruption = greater vibration amplitude
-Vocal intensity is increased

23
Q

Sustained Phonation Vibration Modes

A

-VF activity pattern during vibration cycle
-One cycle of vibration is defined as moving from one point in patter to the same point
-Within one cycle VFs have significant change
-Vocal modes

24
Q

Modal Phonation

A

-Phonatory pattern during normal phonation
-Two simultaneous vibratory patterns for modal phonation
-Vertical and antero-posterior dimension

25
Vertical Dimension for Modal Phonation
-folds open inferior to superior -folds close inferior to superior
26
Antero-posterior Dimension for Modal Phonation
-folds open posterior to anterior -folds close anterior to posterior
27
Falsetto
-VFs become thin and elongated -vibrate along tense and bow margins -brief contact -reduced amplitude -posterior portion of VFs damped -length of vibrating surface decreases to narrow opening -only margins vibrate -higher pitch vocal production 300-600Hz -overlap in frequency with modal
28
Glottal Fry
-Requires -low subglottal pressure 2cm H2O -reduced thyrovocalis tension (vibrating margins are flaccid and thick) -lateral portions of the vocal folds are tensed (strong medial compression, short and thick folds) -Syncopated vibration -secondary beat every f0 -open and close twice, the closed long time -VFs closed 90% of vibratory cycle -Lower pitch vocal production (30-80Hz)
29
Vibrato
-small, controlled variation VF tension -creates wavering pitch effect -rapid, small changes in pitch
30
Whisper
-Not really phonation mode -no voice production -VF slightly adducted and tensed to produce turbulence -Arytenoid cartilage rotate slightly in but separated posteriorly -Enlarged chink in cartilaginous larynx -Stresnuous -causes vocal fatigue
31
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory
-Explains how VFs vibrate to produce sounds -Describe interaction between muscular forces within VFs (myoelastic) and aerodynamic forces of air flowing through glottis -Causing VFs to open and close rapidly generating sound -Essential VF elasticity combined with air pressure creates oscillation needed for phonation -Air stream passes through VFs -Vibrate as result of elastic quality of tissue interacting with aerodynamic principles embodied in Bernoulli's principle -Frequency of vibration vary according to tissue tension, mass, and elasticity -Essentially a single mass and spring system
32
Developmental Changes: VF Length
-Males have longer folds, increase by 60% -Females have shorter folds, increase by 30% -Females and males develop longer folds
33
VF Changes Birth through Puberty
-At birth single layer of lamina propria -SLP -2 months -SLP starts to differentiate -7-10 yrs -three layers present -10-16 yrs -layers adult like -lamina propria develops important implications for vibratory qualities -differentiates children vs. adult voices
34
Elastin and Collagen Development
-Adult -SLP no collagen or elastin -ILP elastin, little collagen -DLP mostly collagen, little elastin -Infants -50% of adults elastin and collagen -develops and distributes into layers as infants develops -Older adults -elastin decreases -collagen maintained or increased
35
Cartilage Changes
-Birth -Larynx about 33% of adult size -cartilage continues to grow into adulthood -cartilage becomes stiffer with age -Puberty -thyroid cartilage grows -males twice the female weight -male decreased thyroid angle produces prominent Adams apple -20 yrs -cartilage growth complete
36
Hyoid Changes and Laryngeal Descent
-Hyoid -Ossification occurs shortly after birth -fusion with greater cornua occurs later in life -At birth -Hyoid C2/C3 -Larynx C3/C4 -2 yrs descends to adult location -Hyoid C3/C4 -Larynx C6/C7 Torso growing and vocal tract lengthening -subglottal space increasing as greatest length
37
F0 Change
-F0 decreases until puberty and levels off -Older males F0 increases when really old -Older females decrease when really old
38
Aging Effects on Larynx Structure and Function: Supportive Tissues
-Elastin decreases and collagen increases with age -reduced elasticity -increased stiffness -vocal ligament thins and frays -epithelial lining thickens and mucous glands function reduce -produces vocal fatigue and hoarseness and reduced f0 range
39
Aging Effects on Larynx Structure and Function: Muscle Changes
-Muscle atrophy -thyroarytenoid very vulnerable starting 60 yrs -weak thyrovocalis -breathy phonation -respiration inefficiency -loss of elastin produces VF bowing -larynx descends into pharynx due to weak supraglottal muscles
40
Aging Effects on Larynx Structure and Function: Cartilage Changes
-Cartilage -laryngeal cartilage ossifies with age -except epiglottis -initiates at 18 yrs with thyroid cartilage -complete by 70 yrs
41
Aging Effects on Larynx Structure and Function: Nerve Changes
-Nerves -recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve very vulnerable to aging -Progressive deterioration causes action potential declines after 60 yrs -produces inadequate adduction, f0 change, breathiness, increased vocal jitter -reduced sensitivity and more vulnerable foreign body entering larynx

Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing (13 decks)

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