Anatomy of Articulatory and Resonance Systems Flashcards
What does the vocal tract consist of
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-nasal cavity
Source-Filter Theory of Sound Production
-How oral cavity shapes sound
-Vocal folds source for voiced sounds
-Sound routed through oral/nasal/pharyngeal cavities, “filter” sound into speech
-Change in shape and configuration of tongue, mandible, soft palate, and other articulators determines resonance of vocal tract
-resonances of vocal tract determine vowel sounds
Mandible
-Lower jaw
-articulates at temporomandibular joint
-symphysis menti: fusion location of both halves
-alveolar portion: thick bone area surrounding and forms tooth sockets
-aka alveolar bone, alveolar process
Outer Surface of Mandible
-corpus/body
-mental foramen
-medial outer surface of corpus lateral to mental tubercules
-passage for lingual branch of mandibular nerve of CN (trigeminal)
-lip sensation
Posterior Mandible
-Mandibular ramus
-coronoid process: attachment of temporalis
-condyloid process: articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone, temporomandibular joint
Inner Surface Mandible
-Mental spines on interior surface:
-origin of genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
-Mylohyoid line:
-oblique ridge runs backward and laterally from area mental spines to area below and behind 3rd molar
- primary attachment point of mylohyoid muscle
-Mandibular formamen
-passage for alveolar nerve of mandibular branch of CN V (Trigeminal)
Maxillae
-Upper jaw
-second largest facial bone
-forms
-roof of mouth
-floor of nasal cavity
-walls of nasal cavity
-portion of eye socket
Maxillae: Anterior
-Frontal process
-superior most point
-Zygomatic process
-articulates with zygomatic bone
-nasal crest
-bony ridge located medial border of palatine process
-nasal notch
-concave indentation helps form piriform aperture
Inferior Mandible: Alveolar process
thickened bone ridge contains tooth sockets
thickest part of maxilla
Inferior Mandible: Alveoli
tooth sockets
Inferior Mandible: Palatine Process
-bony structure extends from maxilla to form majority of anterior hard palate
-joins with horizontal plate of palatine bone to complete hard palate
Inferior Mandible: Intermaxillary Suture
-fusion point of 2 maxillary bones
-creates single structure
Inferior Mandible: Premaxilla
-smaller bone located front
-houses incisor teeth
Inferior Mandible: Incisive Foramen
-small hard palate opening located
-passageway for nasopalatine nerve and blood vessels to reach oral cavity from nasal cavity
Hard Palate and Palatine Bone
- horizontal plate of palatine bone makes up 1/4 hard palate
Hard Palate and Maxillae
-maxillae makes up 3/4 hard palate
Nasal Bones
-small and paired
-articulate with frontal bone, maxilla, ethmoid bone, septal cartilage
What do the Palatine Bones form
-posterior 1/4 of hard palate
-posterior wall of nasal cavity
-eye socket wall
How are the palatine bones configured in relation to the maxilla
posteriorly
Palatine Bones: Horizontal Plates
-forms back part of hard palate and nasal cavity floor
Palatine Bones: Perpendicular Plates
-contributes formation of nasal septum and nasal cavity lateral wall
Palatine Bones: Posterior nasal spine
behind nasal crest
Palatine Bones: Transverse Palatine Suture
-joint roof of mouth where palatine process and maxilla bone meet
Inferior Nasal Conchae
-Filter and warm air
-scroll like bones
-articulate with maxillae, palatine, ethmoid bones
-inferior border is free
Vomer
-Makes up inferior and posterior nasal septum: separation wall between nasal cavities
-unpaired bone
-articulates with maxilla and palatine inferiorly
-unattached posterior aspect
Zygomatic Bones
-Lateral aspect and floor of orbit
-articulates with frontal bone, sphenoid, maxilla, temporal bone
Cranial Bones: Ethmoid Bone
-Small unpaired bone
-protects the brain
-between frontal bone orbital plates
-forms
-part of medial orbit
-superior part of nasal sinus
-significant portion of nasal septum and lateral nasal wall
Ethmoid Perpendicular Plate
-Thin flattened lamina (plate)
-polygonal shaped
-descends from under surface of cribiform plate
-assists forming nasal septum
Ethmoid: Crista galli
-prominence in cranial cavity for attachment of flax cerebri (dura mater)
Ethmoid: Cribiform Plate
-separates cranial cavity and nasal cavity
-projections of olfactory bulb through plate
Middle and Superior Nasal Conchae
attached to ethmoid
Sphenoid Bone
-Butterfly shaped: majority cranial cavity floor
-Posterior: articulates with basilar part of occipital bone
-Anterior: forms back wall of nasopharynx
Sphenoid Bone: Lesser Wings
arise from body and clinoid process
Sphenoid Bone: Greater Wings
articulate with frontal and zygomatic bones to make up orbital surface
Sphenoid Bone: Hyophyseal fossa
-aka pituitary fossa
-sella turcica: holds pituitary glands
Sphenoid Bone: Pterygoid Process
-junction between greater wing and body
-anterior surface borad and triangular near its root
Sphenoid Bone: Medial Pterygoid Plates
-attachments for medial (internal) pterygoid muscle
Sphenoid Bone: Lateral Pterygoid Plates
-attachment for lateral pterygoid muscle
Sphenoid Bone: Between medial and lateral pterygoid plates
pterygoid fossa
Sphenoid Bone: Pterygoid Hamulus
-on medial pterygoid plate
-hook shaped bony projection located at bottom
-tendon of tensor veli palatine passes around it
-serves as pulley for tensor veli palatini muscle
Frontal Bone: Coronal Suture
connects frontal and parietal bones
Frontal Bone: Superior Orbis
roof of orbital cavity
Frontal Bone: Zygomatic Process
-connects to zygomatic
Parietal Bones: Sagittal Suture
-connects both parietal bones
Parietal Bones: Squamous Suture
-connects parietal to temporal
Parietal Bones: Lambdoid Suture
-connects parietal to occipital
Occipital Bone: Occipitotemporal or Occipitomastoid Suture
-connects occipital to mastoid portion of temporal
Occipital Bone: External Occipital Protuberance
-AKA Inion
-bony bump back of skull where neck meets head
Occipital Bone: Foramen Magnum
-opening for spinal cord
Occipital Bone: Condyles
-resting point for first cervical vertebrae
Temporal Bone: Mastoid Process
-bony projection base of skull, behind the ear
Temporal Bone: Styloid Process
slender osseous projection points anterioinferiorly from inferior surface of petrous part
Temporal Bone: External Auditory Meatus
-bony passageway connects outer to middle ear
Temporal Bone: Squamos or Parietomatoid Suture
-connects temporal to parietal bone
Temporal Bone: Zygomatic Process
-bony projection extends and articulates with zygomatic bone
Segments of Temporal Bone
-squamous
-mastoid
-petrous
-tympanis
Squamous Segment of Temporal Bone Outer Surface
-outer surface: attachment of temporal muscle
Squamous Segment of Temporal Bone Inner Surface
inner surface: forms lateral part of middle cranial fossa
Squamous Segment of Temporal Bone Superior Border
-superior border: squamosal suture with parietal bone
Squamous Segment of Temporal Bone Antero-Inferior Border
-antero-inferior border: articulates with greater wing of sphenoid bone
Mastoid Segment of Temporal Bone Outer Surface
-outer surface: attaches occipital and posterior auricular muscles
Mastoid Segment of Temporal Bone Inner Surface
-inner surface: deep sigmoid sulcus for sigmoid sinus
Mastoid Segment of Temporal Bone Superior Border
-superior border: serrated edge articulate with parietal bone mastoid angle
Mastoid Segment of Temporal Bone Posterior Border
-posterior border: serrated edge articulates with occipital one inferior border
Mastoid Segment of Temporal Bone Anterior Border
-anterior border: fused with squama
Petrous Segment of Temporal Bone Base
-base: fused with internal surfaces of squamous and mastoid parts
Petrous Segment of Temporal Bone Apex
-apex: anterior opening of carotid canal and forms postero-lateral border of foramen lacerum
Petrous Segment of Temporal Bone Anterior Surface
-anterior surface: forms posterior part of middle cranial fossa
Petrous Segment of Temporal Bone Posterior Surface
-posterior surface: forms anterior part of posterior cranial fossa, contains internal auditory meatus opening
Petrous Segment of Temporal Bone Inferior Surface
-inferior surface: quadrangular area, opening of carotid canal/jugular fossa, contains acoustic labyrinth
Tympanic Segment of Temporal Bone Posterior Surface
-Posterior surface: forms external auditory canal anterior wall, floor and part of posterior wall
Tympanic Segment of Temporal Bone Anterior Surface
-anterior surface: forms posterior part of mandibular fossa and part of external auditory meatus
Vocal Tract Cavities: Oral Cavity
-Bounded by teeth and fauces or faucial pillars
-fauces/faucial pillars: junction of oral/nasal and pharyngeal cavities, also known as palatine arches
-Above arches is soft palate, below is dorsum of tongue
-oral cavity also bounded by hard palate and tongue
Vocal Tract Cavities: Pharyngeal Cavity
-12 cm long
-3 parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Pharyngeal Cavity: Oropharynx
-superior boundary: soft palate
-inferior boundary: level of hyoid
-anterior boundary: faucial pillar
Pharyngeal Cavity: Laryngopharynx
-Aka hypopharynx
-superior boundary: level of hyoid
-inferior boundary: esophagus
-anterior boundary: epiglottis
Pharyngeal Cavity: Nasopharynx
-space above soft palate
-anterior border: opens into nasal conchae
-lateral border: eustachian tube
Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
-Direction: lateral, back and up to middle ear
-Torus tubarius: bulge of tissue encircling opening
-Salpingopharyngeal fold: tissue moving down from opening
Nasal Cavities
-Two chambers separated by septum
-anterior border: nares (nostrils)
-posterior border: conchae
-superior border: nasal bone
-inferior border: maxillary palatine process and palatine bones
-lateral border: frontal process of maxillae
Facial Muscles: Orbicularis Oris
-Oval ring of fibers
-encircles mouth as sphincter
-unpaired muscle
-pucker lips, closes mouth
Muscle Insertion: Transverse
-pull lips toward teeth, production of /i/
-approach horizontally: buccinator and risorius
Muscle Insertion: Vertical
-pull upper lip up
-pull lower lip down
-approach vertically: mentalis, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, levator labii superioris alaeuque nasi
Muscle Insertion: Angular
-pull corners up or down: smile or frown
-approach at angle: levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomatic major and minor
Transverse Facial Muscles
-buccinator
-risorius
Buccinator
-Origin: pterygomandibular raphe and mylohyoid line of mandible
-Course: anteriorly
-Insertion: orbicularis oris transverse fibers
-Innervation: CN VII (Facial)
-Function: Pulls lips toward teeth
Risorius
-Origin: fascia of masseter muscle
-course: superficial and parallel to buccinator
-Insertion: corner of mouth and lower lip
-Innervation: CN VII (Facial)
-Function: pulls lips toward teeth
