Anatomy of Respiratory System Flashcards
Cavities
-thorax: space by ribs
-abdomen: space with digestive organs
-torso: thorax and abdomen
-diaphragm: muscle that separates abdomen from thorax, contraction expands thorax vertical dimension
Vertebral Column
-33 vertebrae
-7 cervical: c1-c7
-12 thoracic: t1-t12
-5 lumbar: l1-l5
-5 sacral: s1-s5
-4 coccygeal co1-co4
Vertebrae Anatomy: Body
-large anterior cylindrical portion
-size increases lower in spine
Vertebrae Anatomy: Arch
-bone posterior to body
-forms ring of vertebral foramen
Vertebrae Anatomy: Pedicles
-short, thick bilateral process protrude posteriorly from posterolateral corner of body
-connect front to back
Vertebrae Anatomy: Lamina
-bilateral, flattened plats extend posteromedially from posterior margin of pedicles
-meet midline forms posterior wall of vertebral foramen
Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Transverse Processes
-project posterolaterally from fusion of pedicles and lamina
Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Inferior Articular Processes
-lined with synovial cartilage and project posteroinferiorly from fusion of pedicles and lamina
-medial to base of transverse processes
-contribute to facet joint
Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Superior Articular Processes
-lined with synovial cartilage and project posterosuperiorly from fusion of pedicles and lamina fuse
-medial to base of transverse processes
-contribute to facet joint
C1 Landmarks
-Atlas
-skull rests on C1
-superior facet larger: increased surface for articulation of skull and vertebrae
-vertebral foramen larger
C2 Landmarks
-Axis
-Rudimentary spinous process
-odontoid process: part of axis protrude4s through vertebral foramen
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Spinous Proces
-In posterior
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Corpus
-body of vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Transverse Process and Transverse Costal Facet
-articulation for ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Vertebral Foramen
-spinal cord
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: inferior vertebral notch
-inferior costal facet
-mating surface for rib
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Superior articular facet
-mating surface for above vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Superior and Inferior Costal Facets
-articular facets for ribs
Ribs
-each rib articulates with two vertebrae
-each rib neck articulates with vertebrae of same number
-each rib head articulates with its vertebrae and vertebrae above
Rib Cage
-12 ribs (costae)
-from gliding joints with vertebrae
-true ribs (1-7): articulate directly with sternum
-false ribs (8-10): articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
-floating ribs (11-12): do not articulate with sternum
Sternum
-breastbone
Sternum: Manubrium Sterni
-upper most component
-facets for clavicle and first rib
Sternum: Corpus
-body of sternum
-facets for ribs 2-7
Sternum: Xiphoid Process
-ensiform process
-point at bottom
Rib Cage Shape, Movement, Etc
-Barrel shape
-posterior higher than anterior: slant down
-elevate during inspiration: when rib cage elevates, transverse dimension increases, and pressure drops in lungs for air to rush in
Pectoral Girdle
-shoulder girdle
-clavicle and scapula
-clavicle: collarbone, connects sternum and scapula, supports scapula
Respiratory Passageway
-oral cavity
-nasal cavity
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial passageways
Trachea
-11 cm long
-16-20 hyaline cartilage rings open in posterior
-diameter of 2-2.5cm
-width of 0.4-0.5
-connected by mucous membrane lining
-area between rings are connected by smooth muscle continually contracted until oxygen needed
-anterior to esophagus
Trachea: Superior Border
-inferior aspect of larynx
Trachea: Inferior Border
-bifurcation to bronchi
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Mainstem Bronchi
one per side
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Secondary Bronchial Division
-right= 3 lobar bronchi
-left = 2 lobar bronchi
-supply lobes
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Tertiary Bronchial Division
-radiates to each segment of each lobe
-supply segments of lobes
-left = 8 tertiary bronchi
-right = 10 tertiary bronchi -
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Bronchioles
-7 respiratory divisions after tertiary division
-terminal bronchiole: last respiratory bronchioles
-alveolus: allows for exchange of gas
-alveoli (plural)
Bronchial Tree
-16 divisions
-9 conductive
-last 7 respiratory
Bronchiole and Terminal Bronchiole: Alveolus
-300 million tiny air sacs end of terminal bronchioles
-extremely thin walls promotes flow of gas
-location in lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
-richly supplied with blood for gas exchange
-2000 capillaries on each
-resulting total of 600 billion capillaries
-pulmonary artery branches to bronchial tree for gas exchange
Alveolar Cells: Type 1
-primarily responsible for gas exchange in lungs
-covers majority of alveolar surface with think flat surface
Alveolar Cells: Type 2
-produce and secrete surfactant
-substance prevents alveolar collapse
-act as progenitor cells: capable regenerating damaged type 1 cells
Lungs
-right side is larger
-site of gas exchange
-spongy porous, highly elastic, pink
-no muscles
-only muscle related to bronchial dilation
-composition: over 40 cell types, blood, arterial and venuous network, interstitial connective tissue, etc.
Lungs: Right
-3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
-3 secondary bronchi: delivers air to lobes
-2 fissures: horizontal, oblique
Lungs: Left
-2 lobes: superior, inferior
-2 secondary bronchi
-1 fissure oblique
Landmarks of Lungs: Base
-concave to fit diaphragm
-diaphragmatic impression
-cardiac impression
Thoracic Cavity
-opening behind ribs with lungs/heart
-boundaries
-rib cage laterally, anteriorly, posteriorly and superiorly
-diaphragm inferiorly
-superior to abdominal cavity
Mediastinum
-space middle thoracic cavity between sternum and spinal column
-contains
-heart
-trachea
-esophagus
-other vital organs
Pleural Linings
2 thin layers of tissue protect and cushion lungs
Pleural Linings: Inner Layer
-visceral pleura
-wraps around lungs
-stuck so tightly cannot be peeled off
Pleural Linings: Outer Layer
-parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity)
-lines inside chest wall
Pleural Linings Function
-provide friction free interaction between rib cage and lungs
-surfactant: very slippery fluid between parietal and visceral pleura, reduces surface tension
-lungs follow rib cage
-rib cage elevates: rib cage expands in transverse dimension
-diaphragm contracts: lungs expand in vertical dimension
Diaphragm
-muscle of inspiration
-only unpaired in respiratory system
-separates thorax and abdomen
-concaved: inverted dome
-3 components: sternal, costal, vertebral
Inferior View of Diaphragm
-central tendon
-thin, strong sheath connective tissue forms top
-muscular portions of diaphragm attached
Diaphragmatic Hiatuses
-Aortic Hiatus: descending abdominal aorta artery from thorax to abdomen
-Esophageal Hiatus: passageway for esophagus
-Foramen vena cava: for inferior vena cava, vein from lower body
Sternal Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: lower dorsal aspect of sternum xiphoid process
-course: superior and medial direction
-insertion: middle leaf of central tendon
-innervation: phrenic nerve
-function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
Costal Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: rib 7-12 on cartilages and costal surface
-course: sharply superior from ribs, then medial to central tendon
-insertion: central tendon
-innervation: phrenic nerve
-function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
Vertebral Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: upper lumbar vertebrae, left and right crura
-course: decussate and encircle esophagus
-insertion: central tendon
-innervation: phrenic nerve
-function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
Diaphragm Action
-Contracts: pulls central tendon down, increases thorax in vertical dimension
-compresses abdominal viscera
Sternocleidomastoid
-sterno=sternum
-cleido=clavicle
-mastoid=mastoid process
-2 heads: clavicular and sternal
Classic Sternal Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: manubrium sterni
-course: up and laterally
-insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
-innervation: CN XI (Accessory)
-classical function: rotates head
Respiration Sternal Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: mastoid process
-course: down and ventrally
-insertion: manubrium sterni
-innervation: CN XI (Accessory)
-function: raise rib cage
Classical Clavicular Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: superior surface of clavicle
-course: up
-insertion: mastoid process
-innervation: CN XI (Accessory)
-function: rotates head
Respiration Clavicular Head
-Origin: mastoid process
-course: down
-insertion: superior surface of clavicle
-innervation: CN XI (Accessory)
-function: rotates head and elevates rib cage, clavicular breathing (pronounced sternocleidomastoid)
External Intercostals
-Among most significant respiratory muscles for s[eech
-11 muscles between 12 thorax ribs
-sparse in cartilaginous region
-keep space between ribs constant
External Intercostals: Origin, etc
-origin: lower margin of each rib, except rib 12, sparse near sternum
-course: down and in to rib below
-insertion: upper margin of rib below
-innervation: intercostal nerves
-function: elevates rib cage
Chondral Portion of Internal Intercostals
-chondral portion: refers to cartilaginous part
-external intercostals: inspiration, elevate rib cage
-internal intercostals: expiration, depress rib cage
-except chondral portion of internals inspiratory use forced breathing
Summary of Internal Intercostals
-present near sternum
-sparse in back
-antagonists to externals
-pull rib cage down for expiration -
Summary of External Intercostals
-sparse in front
-present in back
-raise rib cage for inspiration
Serratus Posterior Inferior
-origin: spinous processes of T11, T12, L1, L2, L3
-course: up and out
-insertion: lower margins of ribs T7-T12
-innervation: T9-T11 intercostal nerves, T12 subcostal nerves
-function: pulls rib cage down
