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Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing > Anatomy of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Cavities

A

-thorax: space by ribs
-abdomen: space with digestive organs
-torso: thorax and abdomen
-diaphragm: muscle that separates abdomen from thorax, contraction expands thorax vertical dimension

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2
Q

Vertebral Column

A

-33 vertebrae
-7 cervical: c1-c7
-12 thoracic: t1-t12
-5 lumbar: l1-l5
-5 sacral: s1-s5
-4 coccygeal co1-co4

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3
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Body

A

-large anterior cylindrical portion
-size increases lower in spine

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4
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Arch

A

-bone posterior to body
-forms ring of vertebral foramen

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5
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Pedicles

A

-short, thick bilateral process protrude posteriorly from posterolateral corner of body
-connect front to back

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6
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Lamina

A

-bilateral, flattened plats extend posteromedially from posterior margin of pedicles
-meet midline forms posterior wall of vertebral foramen

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7
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Transverse Processes

A

-project posterolaterally from fusion of pedicles and lamina

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8
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Inferior Articular Processes

A

-lined with synovial cartilage and project posteroinferiorly from fusion of pedicles and lamina
-medial to base of transverse processes
-contribute to facet joint

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9
Q

Vertebrae Anatomy: Bilateral Superior Articular Processes

A

-lined with synovial cartilage and project posterosuperiorly from fusion of pedicles and lamina fuse
-medial to base of transverse processes
-contribute to facet joint

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10
Q

C1 Landmarks

A

-Atlas
-skull rests on C1
-superior facet larger: increased surface for articulation of skull and vertebrae
-vertebral foramen larger

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11
Q

C2 Landmarks

A

-Axis
-Rudimentary spinous process
-odontoid process: part of axis protrude4s through vertebral foramen

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12
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Spinous Proces

A

-In posterior

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13
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Corpus

A

-body of vertebrae

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14
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Transverse Process and Transverse Costal Facet

A

-articulation for ribs

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15
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Vertebral Foramen

A

-spinal cord

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16
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: inferior vertebral notch

A

-inferior costal facet
-mating surface for rib

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17
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Superior articular facet

A

-mating surface for above vertebrae

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18
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Landmarks: Superior and Inferior Costal Facets

A

-articular facets for ribs

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19
Q

Ribs

A

-each rib articulates with two vertebrae
-each rib neck articulates with vertebrae of same number
-each rib head articulates with its vertebrae and vertebrae above

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20
Q

Rib Cage

A

-12 ribs (costae)
-from gliding joints with vertebrae
-true ribs (1-7): articulate directly with sternum
-false ribs (8-10): articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
-floating ribs (11-12): do not articulate with sternum

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21
Q

Sternum

A

-breastbone

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22
Q

Sternum: Manubrium Sterni

A

-upper most component
-facets for clavicle and first rib

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23
Q

Sternum: Corpus

A

-body of sternum
-facets for ribs 2-7

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24
Q

Sternum: Xiphoid Process

A

-ensiform process
-point at bottom

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25
Rib Cage Shape, Movement, Etc
-Barrel shape -posterior higher than anterior: slant down -elevate during inspiration: when rib cage elevates, transverse dimension increases, and pressure drops in lungs for air to rush in
26
Pectoral Girdle
-shoulder girdle -clavicle and scapula -clavicle: collarbone, connects sternum and scapula, supports scapula
27
Respiratory Passageway
-oral cavity -nasal cavity -larynx -trachea -bronchial passageways
28
Trachea
-11 cm long -16-20 hyaline cartilage rings open in posterior -diameter of 2-2.5cm -width of 0.4-0.5 -connected by mucous membrane lining -area between rings are connected by smooth muscle continually contracted until oxygen needed -anterior to esophagus
29
Trachea: Superior Border
-inferior aspect of larynx
30
Trachea: Inferior Border
-bifurcation to bronchi
31
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Mainstem Bronchi
one per side
32
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Secondary Bronchial Division
-right= 3 lobar bronchi -left = 2 lobar bronchi -supply lobes
33
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Tertiary Bronchial Division
-radiates to each segment of each lobe -supply segments of lobes -left = 8 tertiary bronchi -right = 10 tertiary bronchi -
34
Bronchial Tree Divisions: Bronchioles
-7 respiratory divisions after tertiary division -terminal bronchiole: last respiratory bronchioles -alveolus: allows for exchange of gas -alveoli (plural)
35
Bronchial Tree
-16 divisions -9 conductive -last 7 respiratory
36
Bronchiole and Terminal Bronchiole: Alveolus
-300 million tiny air sacs end of terminal bronchioles -extremely thin walls promotes flow of gas -location in lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide -richly supplied with blood for gas exchange -2000 capillaries on each -resulting total of 600 billion capillaries -pulmonary artery branches to bronchial tree for gas exchange
37
Alveolar Cells: Type 1
-primarily responsible for gas exchange in lungs -covers majority of alveolar surface with think flat surface
38
Alveolar Cells: Type 2
-produce and secrete surfactant -substance prevents alveolar collapse -act as progenitor cells: capable regenerating damaged type 1 cells
39
Lungs
-right side is larger -site of gas exchange -spongy porous, highly elastic, pink -no muscles -only muscle related to bronchial dilation -composition: over 40 cell types, blood, arterial and venuous network, interstitial connective tissue, etc.
40
Lungs: Right
-3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior -3 secondary bronchi: delivers air to lobes -2 fissures: horizontal, oblique
41
Lungs: Left
-2 lobes: superior, inferior -2 secondary bronchi -1 fissure oblique
42
Landmarks of Lungs: Base
-concave to fit diaphragm -diaphragmatic impression -cardiac impression
43
Thoracic Cavity
-opening behind ribs with lungs/heart -boundaries -rib cage laterally, anteriorly, posteriorly and superiorly -diaphragm inferiorly -superior to abdominal cavity
44
Mediastinum
-space middle thoracic cavity between sternum and spinal column -contains -heart -trachea -esophagus -other vital organs
45
Pleural Linings
2 thin layers of tissue protect and cushion lungs
46
Pleural Linings: Inner Layer
-visceral pleura -wraps around lungs -stuck so tightly cannot be peeled off
47
Pleural Linings: Outer Layer
-parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity) -lines inside chest wall
48
Pleural Linings Function
-provide friction free interaction between rib cage and lungs -surfactant: very slippery fluid between parietal and visceral pleura, reduces surface tension -lungs follow rib cage -rib cage elevates: rib cage expands in transverse dimension -diaphragm contracts: lungs expand in vertical dimension
49
Diaphragm
-muscle of inspiration -only unpaired in respiratory system -separates thorax and abdomen -concaved: inverted dome -3 components: sternal, costal, vertebral
50
Inferior View of Diaphragm
-central tendon -thin, strong sheath connective tissue forms top -muscular portions of diaphragm attached
51
Diaphragmatic Hiatuses
-Aortic Hiatus: descending abdominal aorta artery from thorax to abdomen -Esophageal Hiatus: passageway for esophagus -Foramen vena cava: for inferior vena cava, vein from lower body
52
Sternal Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: lower dorsal aspect of sternum xiphoid process -course: superior and medial direction -insertion: middle leaf of central tendon -innervation: phrenic nerve -function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
53
Costal Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: rib 7-12 on cartilages and costal surface -course: sharply superior from ribs, then medial to central tendon -insertion: central tendon -innervation: phrenic nerve -function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
54
Vertebral Portion of Diaphragm
-origin: upper lumbar vertebrae, left and right crura -course: decussate and encircle esophagus -insertion: central tendon -innervation: phrenic nerve -function: expand thorax in vertical dimension
55
Diaphragm Action
-Contracts: pulls central tendon down, increases thorax in vertical dimension -compresses abdominal viscera
56
Sternocleidomastoid
-sterno=sternum -cleido=clavicle -mastoid=mastoid process -2 heads: clavicular and sternal
57
Classic Sternal Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: manubrium sterni -course: up and laterally -insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone -innervation: CN XI (Accessory) -classical function: rotates head
58
Respiration Sternal Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: mastoid process -course: down and ventrally -insertion: manubrium sterni -innervation: CN XI (Accessory) -function: raise rib cage
59
Classical Clavicular Head: Sternocleidomastoid
-origin: superior surface of clavicle -course: up -insertion: mastoid process -innervation: CN XI (Accessory) -function: rotates head
60
Respiration Clavicular Head
-Origin: mastoid process -course: down -insertion: superior surface of clavicle -innervation: CN XI (Accessory) -function: rotates head and elevates rib cage, clavicular breathing (pronounced sternocleidomastoid)
61
External Intercostals
-Among most significant respiratory muscles for s[eech -11 muscles between 12 thorax ribs -sparse in cartilaginous region -keep space between ribs constant
62
External Intercostals: Origin, etc
-origin: lower margin of each rib, except rib 12, sparse near sternum -course: down and in to rib below -insertion: upper margin of rib below -innervation: intercostal nerves -function: elevates rib cage
63
Chondral Portion of Internal Intercostals
-chondral portion: refers to cartilaginous part -external intercostals: inspiration, elevate rib cage -internal intercostals: expiration, depress rib cage -except chondral portion of internals inspiratory use forced breathing
64
Summary of Internal Intercostals
-present near sternum -sparse in back -antagonists to externals -pull rib cage down for expiration -
65
Summary of External Intercostals
-sparse in front -present in back -raise rib cage for inspiration
66
Serratus Posterior Inferior
-origin: spinous processes of T11, T12, L1, L2, L3 -course: up and out -insertion: lower margins of ribs T7-T12 -innervation: T9-T11 intercostal nerves, T12 subcostal nerves -function: pulls rib cage down

Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing (13 decks)

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