Physiology of Articulatory and Resonance System Flashcards
Vocal Tract
-development determines resonant characteristics of speech
-larger cavity, lower basic resonance of tube
Source-Filter Theory
-vocal folds provide voicing for speech
-oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities provide resonant spaces that filter phonatory source
Vocal Tract Length By Age
-Lips to vocal folds
-Birth: 6-8cm
-Adult: 15-18cm
-Rapid growth until about 4 years then stabilizes until puberty
-Male tracts become longer than females after puberty
-significant influence on F1 in vowel production
-VT volume significant influence on formants
Pharyngeal Growth
-Pharynx similar growth to vocal tract
-rapid growth until about 4 years then stabilizes until puberty
-female pharynx smaller in adulthood: reflects body size overall
-larynx descends approx 3cm first 7 yrs
-length and volume impacts formant structures
Tongue Length
-rapid growth first 2 yrs then steady increase
-reaches adult size approx 18 yrs
-significant growth between 7-18 yrs
-growth similar to mandible to fill space: 75% adult size by 7 yrs
Mandible Size
-rapid growth through 3 yrs then tapers off
-first 2 yrs of life: increases to 2-4cm
-7 yrs: 5 cm long, 80-90% of adult size
-reaches adult size approx 18 years
-depth increases: accommodate tongue growth, producing increase oral cavity
Growth Break Points
-12-24 months
-growth not linear to 7 yrs: 2 different progressions
-first: rapid growth birth to 1 or 2 yrs
-second: more stable development
Articulator Function: Lips
-upper and lower operate independently
-lower lip movement much faster than upper lip
-most work to close the lips
-attached mandible
-must quickly adapt to mandible movements making it further or closer to upper lip
-resistant to interference
-adaptive to other restrictions
Articulator Function: Mandible
-Significant role mastication and speech
-assist lips, tongue, teeth get to appropriate location for articulation
-minute adjustments
-temporomandibular joint sensor permit extremely accurate jaw positioning: within 1 mm
-its elevators and depressors remain in dynamic balance for speech
-slight modification in muscle activity allows quick mandible adjustment
Muscles of Mastication
-Elevators
-Built for strength, generally
-masseter one of strongest body muscles
-temporalis faster but not as strong
-pterygoid assist raising jaw
-2 muscles: medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles
Articulator Function: Tongue
-Most important for articulation
-involved in production majority of English phonemes
-its articulatory configurations require some very refined multi muscle activity
Tongue Tip Elevation
-Superior longitudinal muscle: fibers shortened, tip and lateral margins pulled up
Tongue Tip Depression
-Inferior longitudinal muscles: course along lower tongue lateral margins, perfectly suited to pull tip and sides down
Tongue Tip Deviation to Left and Right
-Deviation to left requires simultaneous contraction of left superior and inferior longitudinal
-deviation to right requires simultaneous contraction of right superior and inferior longitudinal
-asymmetrical contraction produces desired result: asymmetrical movement of appropriated sied
Relaxation of Lateral Margins
-/l/ production
-slight contraction of posterior genioglossus: move tongue forward
-superior longitudinal: elevates tip
-contraction of transverse intrinsic: pull sides medially away from lateral gum ridge, opening lateral sulcus for resonation
Tongue Narrowing
-Transverse intrinsic: response for movement
Central Tongue Groove: Deep Groove
contraction of anterior and posterior genioglossus
Central Tongue Groove: Moderate Groove
contractions of vertical intrinsic and less genioglossus
Central Tongue Groove: Broadened Groove
-co contraction of left and right superior longitudinal and vertical and genioglossus
-this elevates tongue sides
Tongue Protrusion: Posterior Genioglossus
-draws tongue forward
-without tongue point
Tongue Protrusion: Vertical and Transverse Intrinsic
-shapes tongue
Tongue Protrusion: Superior and Longitudinal Intrinsic
-deviation up or down
Tongue Retraction: Contract anterior genioglossus
-draws protruded tongue into oral cavity
Tongue Retraction: Contract superior and inferior longitudinal
-shorten tongue
Tongue Retraction: Contract Styloglossus
-retract into pharynx
Posterior Tongue Elevation: Contraction Palatoglossus
-inserts into sides of tongue
-elevates posterior tongue
Posterior Tongue Elevation: Contraction Posterior Transverse
-bunces tongue
Tongue Body Depression: Contract Genioglossus
-depresses medial tongue
Tongue Body Depression: Hyoglossus and Chondroglossus
-depress sides of tongue
Velum
-velum closed or depressed for non-nasal speech: contraction palatoglossus
-production of high pressure consonants (fricatives and stops) requires greater velopharyngeal effort: assistance from superior pharyngeal constrictor and uvular muscle
-velum open or raised for nasal speech: contraction levator veli palatini
Skull Development: Two Parts to Cranial Development
-Neurocranium: skull surround brain
-membranous viscerocranium: facial skeleton
Membraneous Viscerocranium
-flat bones of neurocranium: occipital, frontal, parietal bones
-facial bones
Chondral Part or Chondrocranium
-cartilaginous structure
-forms skull foundational base during embryonic development
-occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Facial Bones
-Develop from membraneous neurocranium
-specifically pharyngeal arches
-each arch has core mesenchyme with outer ectoderm and inner endoderm
-arches migrate from mesenchyme
-each arch has cartilaginous rod, muscle component, vascular component, and nerve component
First Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into
-cartilage: mandible
-also known as mandibular arch
First Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve
-CN V (Trigeminal)
First Pharyngeal Arch: Muscles
-muscles of mastication
-tensor veli palatini
-tensor tympani
-tongue anterior 1/3
Second Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into
-cartilage: temporal bone styloid process
-hyoid corpus and lesser horn
-also known as hyoid arch
Second Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve
-CN VII (Facial)
Second Pharyngeal Arch: Muscle
-facial muscles
Third Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into
-Cartilage: hyoid greater horn
Third Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve
-CN XI (glossopharyngeal) 9
Third Pharyngeal Arch: Muscle
stylopharyngeus muscle
Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Evolve Into
-cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, body of hyoid bone, epiglottis
Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Muscle
-laryngeal, pharyngeal except stylopharyngeus
-palatal muscles except tensor veli palatini and posterior tongue
Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Nerve
-CN X (Vagus)
Oral Cavity and Pharynx Development
-Stomodeum: primordial mouth, precursor to mouth, anterior lobe of pituitary gland
-stomodeum begins as indentation in ectoderm
-oropharyngeal membrane separates stomodeum from pharynx: open at 26 days
-connects pharynx and foregut
-form pharynx, esophagus, lungs, digestive structures
-oropharynx membranes becomes fauces
Esophagus
-upper esophagus develops from mesenchyme of 4th and 6th arches
-lower esophagus comes from undifferentiated mesoderm
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands
-develops from 1st, 3rd, 4th pharyngeal arch
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: 1st Arch
-anterior 2/3 tongue
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: 3rd and 4th arch
-posterior 1/3 tongue
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: somatic innervation of tongue anterior
-CN V (Trigeminal) evolves from 1st arch
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Sensory Function of Taste Buds in anterior tongue
-CN VII (Facial) evolves from 2nd arch
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Somatic Innervation of Tongue Posterior
-CN XI (Glossopharyngeal) evolves from 3rd arch
-portion CN V (Vagus) evolves from 4th arch
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Somatic Innervation of Tongue Muscles
-CN XII (Hypoglossal) arise from spinal nerve development
Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Salivary Glands and Taste
-parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
-start developing between week 6 and 8
-vallate and folliate papillae develop near CN XI (Glossopharyngeal) to control posterior tongue taste
-Fungiform papillae develop near chorda tympani of CN VII (Facial) to control anterior tongue taste
-taste buds develop between week 11 and 13
Week 4 Facial Development: Frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular prominences
-lower lip from mandibular
-maxillary and mandibular prominences lateral to stomodeum
Week 4 Facial Development: Optic Vesicles
-eyes
Week 4 Facial Development: Otic Pits
-inner ear
End of Week 4
-nasal placodes visible
-become medial and lateral nasal prominences
-medial and lateral nasal prominences join to form nares
-nasal pits will form nasal cavities
Facial Development 7th-10th Week
-Beginning 7th week: medial and lateral nasal prominences merge with maxillary prominence, complete 10th week
-nasal septum arises from frontonasal processes
-sphenoid cartilage grows down to join septum
-palate forms in week 8
Upper Lip and Gum
-End of 6th week
-labiogingival lamina forms
-upper lip forms from fusion of medial nasal processes with maxillary processes
-labiogingival lamina becomes groove between upper lip and gum ridge
