Physiology of Articulatory and Resonance System Flashcards by Alaura Foust

Vocal Tract

-development determines resonant characteristics of speech
-larger cavity, lower basic resonance of tube

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Source-Filter Theory

-vocal folds provide voicing for speech
-oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities provide resonant spaces that filter phonatory source

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Vocal Tract Length By Age

-Lips to vocal folds
-Birth: 6-8cm
-Adult: 15-18cm
-Rapid growth until about 4 years then stabilizes until puberty
-Male tracts become longer than females after puberty
-significant influence on F1 in vowel production
-VT volume significant influence on formants

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Pharyngeal Growth

-Pharynx similar growth to vocal tract
-rapid growth until about 4 years then stabilizes until puberty
-female pharynx smaller in adulthood: reflects body size overall
-larynx descends approx 3cm first 7 yrs
-length and volume impacts formant structures

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Tongue Length

-rapid growth first 2 yrs then steady increase
-reaches adult size approx 18 yrs
-significant growth between 7-18 yrs
-growth similar to mandible to fill space: 75% adult size by 7 yrs

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Mandible Size

-rapid growth through 3 yrs then tapers off
-first 2 yrs of life: increases to 2-4cm
-7 yrs: 5 cm long, 80-90% of adult size
-reaches adult size approx 18 years
-depth increases: accommodate tongue growth, producing increase oral cavity

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Growth Break Points

-12-24 months
-growth not linear to 7 yrs: 2 different progressions
-first: rapid growth birth to 1 or 2 yrs
-second: more stable development

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Articulator Function: Lips

-upper and lower operate independently
-lower lip movement much faster than upper lip
-most work to close the lips
-attached mandible
-must quickly adapt to mandible movements making it further or closer to upper lip
-resistant to interference
-adaptive to other restrictions

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Articulator Function: Mandible

-Significant role mastication and speech
-assist lips, tongue, teeth get to appropriate location for articulation
-minute adjustments
-temporomandibular joint sensor permit extremely accurate jaw positioning: within 1 mm
-its elevators and depressors remain in dynamic balance for speech
-slight modification in muscle activity allows quick mandible adjustment

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Muscles of Mastication

-Elevators
-Built for strength, generally
-masseter one of strongest body muscles
-temporalis faster but not as strong
-pterygoid assist raising jaw
-2 muscles: medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles

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Articulator Function: Tongue

-Most important for articulation
-involved in production majority of English phonemes
-its articulatory configurations require some very refined multi muscle activity

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Tongue Tip Elevation

-Superior longitudinal muscle: fibers shortened, tip and lateral margins pulled up

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Tongue Tip Depression

-Inferior longitudinal muscles: course along lower tongue lateral margins, perfectly suited to pull tip and sides down

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Tongue Tip Deviation to Left and Right

-Deviation to left requires simultaneous contraction of left superior and inferior longitudinal
-deviation to right requires simultaneous contraction of right superior and inferior longitudinal
-asymmetrical contraction produces desired result: asymmetrical movement of appropriated sied

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Relaxation of Lateral Margins

-/l/ production
-slight contraction of posterior genioglossus: move tongue forward
-superior longitudinal: elevates tip
-contraction of transverse intrinsic: pull sides medially away from lateral gum ridge, opening lateral sulcus for resonation

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Tongue Narrowing

-Transverse intrinsic: response for movement

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Central Tongue Groove: Deep Groove

contraction of anterior and posterior genioglossus

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Central Tongue Groove: Moderate Groove

contractions of vertical intrinsic and less genioglossus

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Central Tongue Groove: Broadened Groove

-co contraction of left and right superior longitudinal and vertical and genioglossus
-this elevates tongue sides

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Tongue Protrusion: Posterior Genioglossus

-draws tongue forward
-without tongue point

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Tongue Protrusion: Vertical and Transverse Intrinsic

-shapes tongue

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Tongue Protrusion: Superior and Longitudinal Intrinsic

-deviation up or down

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Tongue Retraction: Contract anterior genioglossus

-draws protruded tongue into oral cavity

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Tongue Retraction: Contract superior and inferior longitudinal

-shorten tongue

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Tongue Retraction: Contract Styloglossus

-retract into pharynx

Posterior Tongue Elevation: Contraction Palatoglossus

-inserts into sides of tongue -elevates posterior tongue

Posterior Tongue Elevation: Contraction Posterior Transverse

-bunces tongue

Tongue Body Depression: Contract Genioglossus

-depresses medial tongue

Tongue Body Depression: Hyoglossus and Chondroglossus

-depress sides of tongue

Velum

-velum closed or depressed for non-nasal speech: contraction palatoglossus -production of high pressure consonants (fricatives and stops) requires greater velopharyngeal effort: assistance from superior pharyngeal constrictor and uvular muscle -velum open or raised for nasal speech: contraction levator veli palatini

Skull Development: Two Parts to Cranial Development

-Neurocranium: skull surround brain -membranous viscerocranium: facial skeleton

Membraneous Viscerocranium

-flat bones of neurocranium: occipital, frontal, parietal bones -facial bones

Chondral Part or Chondrocranium

-cartilaginous structure -forms skull foundational base during embryonic development -occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Facial Bones

-Develop from membraneous neurocranium -specifically pharyngeal arches -each arch has core mesenchyme with outer ectoderm and inner endoderm -arches migrate from mesenchyme -each arch has cartilaginous rod, muscle component, vascular component, and nerve component

First Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into

-cartilage: mandible -also known as mandibular arch

First Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve

-CN V (Trigeminal)

First Pharyngeal Arch: Muscles

-muscles of mastication -tensor veli palatini -tensor tympani -tongue anterior 1/3

Second Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into

-cartilage: temporal bone styloid process -hyoid corpus and lesser horn -also known as hyoid arch

Second Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve

-CN VII (Facial)

Second Pharyngeal Arch: Muscle

-facial muscles

Third Pharyngeal Arch: Evolves Into

-Cartilage: hyoid greater horn

Third Pharyngeal Arch: Nerve

-CN XI (glossopharyngeal) 9

Third Pharyngeal Arch: Muscle

stylopharyngeus muscle

Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Evolve Into

-cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform, body of hyoid bone, epiglottis

Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Muscle

-laryngeal, pharyngeal except stylopharyngeus -palatal muscles except tensor veli palatini and posterior tongue

Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches: Nerve

-CN X (Vagus)

Oral Cavity and Pharynx Development

-Stomodeum: primordial mouth, precursor to mouth, anterior lobe of pituitary gland -stomodeum begins as indentation in ectoderm -oropharyngeal membrane separates stomodeum from pharynx: open at 26 days -connects pharynx and foregut -form pharynx, esophagus, lungs, digestive structures -oropharynx membranes becomes fauces

Esophagus

-upper esophagus develops from mesenchyme of 4th and 6th arches -lower esophagus comes from undifferentiated mesoderm

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands

-develops from 1st, 3rd, 4th pharyngeal arch

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: 1st Arch

-anterior 2/3 tongue

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: 3rd and 4th arch

-posterior 1/3 tongue

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: somatic innervation of tongue anterior

-CN V (Trigeminal) evolves from 1st arch

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Sensory Function of Taste Buds in anterior tongue

-CN VII (Facial) evolves from 2nd arch

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Somatic Innervation of Tongue Posterior

-CN XI (Glossopharyngeal) evolves from 3rd arch -portion CN V (Vagus) evolves from 4th arch

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Somatic Innervation of Tongue Muscles

-CN XII (Hypoglossal) arise from spinal nerve development

Tongue, Taste Sensors, Salivary Glands: Salivary Glands and Taste

-parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands -start developing between week 6 and 8 -vallate and folliate papillae develop near CN XI (Glossopharyngeal) to control posterior tongue taste -Fungiform papillae develop near chorda tympani of CN VII (Facial) to control anterior tongue taste -taste buds develop between week 11 and 13

Week 4 Facial Development: Frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular prominences

-lower lip from mandibular -maxillary and mandibular prominences lateral to stomodeum

Week 4 Facial Development: Optic Vesicles

-eyes

Week 4 Facial Development: Otic Pits

-inner ear

End of Week 4

-nasal placodes visible -become medial and lateral nasal prominences -medial and lateral nasal prominences join to form nares -nasal pits will form nasal cavities

Facial Development 7th-10th Week

-Beginning 7th week: medial and lateral nasal prominences merge with maxillary prominence, complete 10th week -nasal septum arises from frontonasal processes -sphenoid cartilage grows down to join septum -palate forms in week 8

Upper Lip and Gum

-End of 6th week -labiogingival lamina forms -upper lip forms from fusion of medial nasal processes with maxillary processes -labiogingival lamina becomes groove between upper lip and gum ridge