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A&P for SLP > Physiology of Larynx > Flashcards

Physiology of Larynx Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

“doorway” to the laryngeal vestibule - border is rim of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

A

Aditus

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2
Q

Space between the false and the true VFs

A

Laryngeal ventricle

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3
Q

space between the aditus and ventricular folds

A

Laryngeal vestibule

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4
Q

aka ventricular folds

A

false vocal folds

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5
Q

How many layers of tissue in the vocal folds?

A

5 layers

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6
Q

What is the outermost layer of the vocal fold tissue?

A

Squamous epithelium - white in color and protects the inner layers

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7
Q

What is a part of the lamina propria of the vocal folds tissues?

A
  1. superficial lamina propria
  2. intermediate lamina propria
  3. deep lamina propria
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8
Q

What part of the lamina propria make up the vocal ligament?

A

Intermediate and deep lamina propria

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9
Q

What tissue of the vocal folds make up the bulk of the vocal folds?

A

Muscular layer (i.e., thyroarytenoid muscle (TA))

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the muscular layer of tissue in the VFs?

A

Origin - thyroid
Insertion - arytenoid

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx (non-speech)

A

Protection
Abdominal Fixation
Dilation

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12
Q

What are aspects of protection for the larynx?

A

coughing
throat clearing
prevention of aspiration

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx (speech-related function)

A

Phonation (voice production): most complex and highly specialized laryngeal function

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14
Q

What is the most complex and highly specialized laryngeal function

A

Phonation

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15
Q

What is the process of vibration determined by?

A
  1. elasticity
  2. stiffness
  3. inertia
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16
Q

What repeats itself in a predictable fashion during acoustics?

A

periodic waveform

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17
Q

One point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again

A

Cycle

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18
Q

Property of a material that causes it to return to its original shape after displacement

A

elasticity

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19
Q

strength of force within a material to return to its original shape after distention

A

stiffness

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20
Q

a body in motion tends to stay in motion

A

inertia

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21
Q

How often something occurs; cycles per second for sound (measured in Hz) and perceived as pitch

A

Frequency

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22
Q

Degree to which the waveform goes beyond the X axis, perceived as loundness

A

Amplitude

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23
Q

What does sustained phonation depend on?

A
  1. maintenance of adequate subglottic pressure
  2. flow
  3. vocal fold approximation/adduction
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24
Q

How does phonation begin?

A

Attack (i.e., adduction)

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25
The vocal folds vibrate in a _______________ manner
Quasi-periodic manner
26
The number of cycles of VOCAL FOLD oscillation per second is called ________
Fundamental frequency
27
Phonation ends/terminates with __________ of the vocal folds
Abduction
28
Glottal vibration is the interaction between ________ _______ and _____ ________ tissue property (I.e., elastic)
Aerodynamic forces and vocal folds'
29
What is the power source of the opening phase?
Subglottal pressure
30
What are the two driving forces of closing phase?
1. aerodynamics: bernoulli effect 2. myoelasticity: VFs are made up of elastic tissue
31
During sustained phonation muscle contraction is ________
Tonic/sustained
32
______ in the velocity will results in a ________ in the pressure (i.e,. Bernoulli's effect)
Increase, decrease
33
What is the scientific principle that explains the closing phase of the VFs repetitive vibration?
Bernoulli's effect
34
in Bernoulli's principle the rate of airflow is ________
constant
35
What are the stages of the opening phase?
1. VFs are closed (completley adducted) -> subglottic pressure increases 2. VFs gradually separate at the BOTTOM (opening phase starts here) 3. Upper part of the glottis opens next 4. Opening continues (this is NOT abduction! called the opening phase) 5. Opening is completed! (The VFs are blown apart) Simultaneously, air molecules will be rushing upward FAST!
36
What are the stages of the closing phase?
6. Pressure in the glottis is now negative (myoelasticity) 7. VFs continue to move to the midline 8-9 closing continues (lower portion first) 10. closing is completed
37
air pressure below the vocal folds arises from _______ ___________
respiratory flow
38
air pressure causes the vocal folds to separate in the __________
inferior
39
When the VFs are blown open, the velocity of air ________, and pressure at the folds ________
increases, decreases
40
Decreased pressure (between the VFs) and the ________ quality of vocal folds causes folds to move back toward the _________
elastic, midline
41
voicing is due to the changing ___________ that exits the glottis during each cycle
airflow
42
What are the types of pitch?
Optimal pitch Habitual pitch
43
The frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal cords, what are the Hz for males and females?
optimal pitch males: 130 Hz females: 210
44
The frequency habitually used by a person, effort to sustain phonation causes vocal fatigue
Habitual pitch
45
What are the three major vocal registers?
1. modal 2. glottal fry 3. Falsetto optional 4. whistle register
46
Phonation used in daily conversation, most important register for speech-language pathologists
Modal register
47
What is the minimum driving force for using modal register?
3-5 cm H20 for 5 seconds
48
crackly voice quality, voice rough and low pitch, vocal folds pend up to 90% fo time in approximation
Glottal fry
49
What register is it when vibrating margin is flaccid and thick?
glottal fry
50
highest register of phonation
Falsetto
51
what register is when vocal folds lengthen and become very thin, requires increases vocal fold tension, and the VFs make brief contact
falsetto
52
not a phonation but a product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal fold
whistle register
53
What are variations of modal phonation?
Normal Pressed Breathy
54
What is it called when the VFs are partially adducted and tense? The cartilaginous portion is not closed during this
Whispering
55
What are the three types of attacks for phonation?
1. simultaneous 2. breathy 3. glottal
56
What type of attack is it when adduction of the vocal folds prior to the airflow? a) simultaneous b) breathy c) glottal
Glottal attack
57
What type of attack is it when start significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds? a) simultaneous b) breathy c) glottal
Breathy vocal attack
58
What type of attack is it when adduction and onset of respiration at the same time a) simultaneous b) breathy c) glottal
Simultaneous vocal attack
59
What muscles are needed to help change pitch?
cricothyroid and thyrovocalis muscles
60
How do you change the fundamental frequency?
change the amount of mass in vibration and change the tension of tissue in vibration
61
How many cycles for male speakers?
130
62
How many cycles for female speakers?
210
63
What does myo mean?
muscle
64
What muscles help the vocal folds close?
The intrinsic muscles (i.e., lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), inter-arytenoids (transverse and oblique arytentoids))
65
What causes the opening phase of the vocal folds during phonation?
VFs are gradually separated at the bottom after subglottal pressures increases
66
What causes the vocal folds to return to midline during phonation?
Decreased pressure between the vocal folds and the elastic quality of vocal folds causes folds to move back toward the midline
67
The VFs can vibrate "faster" when they are:
more tense, longer, and thinner
68
How do you get a lower frequency?
less tense, shorter (more mass), thicker
69
What is meant by aerodynamics?
Air flow velocity is between the vocal folds is very quickly -> the air pressure in the glottis becomes negative
70
What is Bernoulli effect?
Rate of airflow is constant -> the size of the channel decreases -> the velocity (speed) of the molecules increases -> the air pressure at the narrow pint decreases
71
each vibration allows a brief puff of air to escape​ this process is called ?​
Voicing

A&P for SLP (23 decks)

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