Ch 2: Intro to Respiration Flashcards
What are the primary, biological, and non-speech functions of respiration?
- exchange of gas
- oxygenation of blood
- elimination of CO2
What are the three main structures of respiration?
- protection structure (i.e., skeletal thorax)
- pulmonary structures (i.e., upper and lower airways)
- muscles of respiration (i.e., inspiratory and expiratory muscles)
The respiratory system is the ____ _____ for speech production
power source
To make voice the focal folds _______ (adduct or abduct)
adduct
What are the two roles of breathing in speech?
- respiratory system is the power source
- ability to vary power to control voice
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
How many true ribs are there?
7
How many false ribs are there?
3
How many floating ribs are there?
2
_______ ribs have direct attachment to the sternum
True
_______ ribs attach to the sternum by way of the costal cartilage above it
False
________ ribs do not have an anterior attachment at all, they are attached to the spinal column posteriorly
Floating
An opening, hole, or passageway
Foramen
A bony outgrowth
Process
Coming together of two structures
Articulation
What is the main axis of the skeleton?
Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up of ____ short segments
33
What is the order for vertebrae (5 sections) in the vertebral column?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
How many vertebrae are in the cervical column?
7
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic column?
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbarcolumn?
5
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum column?
5 fused
How many vertebrae are in the coccyx column?
4 fused
What is the tract for the spinal cord?
vertebral foramen
What allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord?
Intervertebral foramina
What are the first two vertebrae in the cervical spine?
Atlas & Axis
Where do veins and arteries pass through in the cervical vertebrae?
Transverse foramen
The clavicle and scapula are a part of what girdle?
pectoral
The ilium, ischium, and pubis are a part of what girdle?
pelvic
What attaches the lower limbs to the skeletal axis?
Pelvic girdle
How long is the trachea?
11 cm long
How many c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage are there in the trachea?
16-20
What type of cartilage is in the trachea?
Hyaline
Why is there an opening in the posterior portion of the trachea?
Room for the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
The trachea sits below what?
Larynx
The trachea bifurcates inferiorly to form the _______ _______?
Bronchial tubes
What is the ridge separating the openings of the right and left main bronchi at their junction with the trachea?
Main Carina
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3: superior, middle, and inferior
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2: superior and inferior
The lungs _______ to the rib cage via the ________ membrane
adhere, pleural
the membrane that covers the exterior surface of the lungs and inner thoracic wall
pleural membrane
The pleurae that encases the lungs
visceral pleurae
The pleurae that is the thoracic lining
parietal pleurae
the thin area between the two layers of pleura that protects the lungs from contact with other structures
pleural cavity
During inhalation, the thoracic cavity expands in which ways?
superior/inferior
When the chest wall _________ this causes the parietal pleura to pull away from the visceral pleura on the lungs
expands
Name one landmark found on all vertebrae
Corpus
Opening at the base of skull that connects spinal cord to brain
foramen magnum
two major branches from the trachea leading to right and left lungs
bronchus
small divisions of the bronchial tree
bronchioles
small hollows or cavities in a structure, the air sac where in gas exchange occurs
alveoli
What is the equation for pressure
force/area
_____ chamber is when air pressure is partially dependent upon volume
Closed chamber
______ chamber is when air pressure exerted on inner walls of chamber = air pressure exerted on outer surface of the body
open chamber
What is the average volume (TV) during quiet inhalation for adults?
~500 ml
Exhalation is a ________ process
Passive
_______ muscles are needed for “forced” exhalation
Accesory
What are the two forced exhalation muscles?
Thoracic muscles and Abdominal muscles
How many liters are taken into the lungs per minute with quiet tidal respiration?
6-8 L/minute
During speaking we want to maintain consistent _______ pressure during phonation
subglottic
______ phase is longer than _______ phase for speech
Expiratory and Inspiratory
The expiratory and inspiratory phases are about _________ when breathing for life
equal
Speech breathing is a combination of ________ with _______ utterances
breathing, linguistic
Vocal intensity, vocal pitch is known as what?
Prosodic variations
What is the minimum subglottic pressure needed in the vocal folds make the folds move?
3-5 cm H20
What is the subglottic pressure at the conversation speech level?
7-10 cm H20
When a syllabic stress is needed during speech, how much does the subglottic pressure change?
Increases by 2 cm H20
One inspiration and one expiration is known as what?
Respiration cycle
How many respiration cycles do adults have in one minute?
12-18 cycles/minute (average 15)
About __% of breathing is inhalation, and __% is exhalation
40%, 60%
Speech duration is dependent upon the _____ of airflow
Rate (i.e., speed)
The faster you ______, the shorter the speech duration
exhale
About __% is inhalation, and __% is exhalation during speech breathing
10%, 90%
This measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled as a function of time
Spirometer
This is use for a classic pulmonary function test
Spirometer
Accurate estimates of the amount of air each compartment/partition of the respiratory system can hold
Volumes
Combinations of volumes that express physiological limits
Capacities
The amount of air that one can inhale and exhale during a respiratory cycle (for any activity)
Tidal Volume (TV)
What is the average volume of air inhaled/exhaled during resting breathing (TV) for adults?
525 mL (600mL M, 450 mL F)
The volume of air that you can maximally inhale forcefully beyond a normal quiet/resting/tidal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
What is the average inspiratory reserve volume for adults?
2,475 mL
The volume of air that can be maximally expired a normal or resting exhalation (or below tidal volume)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
What is the average expiratory reserve volume for adults?
1000 mL
Volume of air that you can inhale after maximal expiration, capacity available for speech
Vital capacity (VC)
What is the equation for vital capacity (VC)?
VC = TV+IRV+ERV
What is the average vital capacity for adults?
4,000 mL
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal forceful expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
What is the average residual volume in adults?
1100 mL
The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
What is the equation for total lung capacity?
TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV
What is the average total lung capacity for an adult?
5,100 mL
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled above the expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
What is the average inspiratory capacity for adults?
3,000 mL
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after tidal exhalation
Functional residual capacity
Functional residual capacity ______ with age
increases, due to loss of inspiratory capacity
Pressure measured within the oral cavity
intraoral pressure
Pressure below the vocal cords
Subglottal pressure
Pressure within the individual alveolus
Alveolar or pulmonic pressure
Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membrane
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight; approximately ________ mmHg
760 mmHg
What is the therapy used to improve speech?
Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST)
