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A&P for SLP > Ch 2: Intro to Respiration > Flashcards

Ch 2: Intro to Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary, biological, and non-speech functions of respiration?

A
  1. exchange of gas
  2. oxygenation of blood
  3. elimination of CO2
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2
Q

What are the three main structures of respiration?

A
  1. protection structure (i.e., skeletal thorax)
  2. pulmonary structures (i.e., upper and lower airways)
  3. muscles of respiration (i.e., inspiratory and expiratory muscles)
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3
Q

The respiratory system is the ____ _____ for speech production

A

power source

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4
Q

To make voice the focal folds _______ (adduct or abduct)

A

adduct

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5
Q

What are the two roles of breathing in speech?

A
  1. respiratory system is the power source
  2. ability to vary power to control voice
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6
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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7
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A

7

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8
Q

How many false ribs are there?

A

3

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9
Q

How many floating ribs are there?

A

2

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10
Q

_______ ribs have direct attachment to the sternum

A

True

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11
Q

_______ ribs attach to the sternum by way of the costal cartilage above it

A

False

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12
Q

________ ribs do not have an anterior attachment at all, they are attached to the spinal column posteriorly

A

Floating

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13
Q

An opening, hole, or passageway

A

Foramen

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14
Q

A bony outgrowth

A

Process

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15
Q

Coming together of two structures

A

Articulation

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16
Q

What is the main axis of the skeleton?

A

Vertebral column

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17
Q

The vertebral column is made up of ____ short segments

A

33

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18
Q

What is the order for vertebrae (5 sections) in the vertebral column?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

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19
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical column?

A

7

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20
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic column?

A

12

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21
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbarcolumn?

A

5

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22
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum column?

A

5 fused

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx column?

A

4 fused

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24
Q

What is the tract for the spinal cord?

A

vertebral foramen

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25
Q

What allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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26
Q

What are the first two vertebrae in the cervical spine?

A

Atlas & Axis

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27
Q

Where do veins and arteries pass through in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse foramen

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28
Q

The clavicle and scapula are a part of what girdle?

A

pectoral

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29
Q

The ilium, ischium, and pubis are a part of what girdle?

A

pelvic

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30
Q

What attaches the lower limbs to the skeletal axis?

A

Pelvic girdle

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31
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

11 cm long

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32
Q

How many c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage are there in the trachea?

A

16-20

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33
Q

What type of cartilage is in the trachea?

A

Hyaline

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34
Q

Why is there an opening in the posterior portion of the trachea?

A

Room for the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

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35
Q

The trachea sits below what?

A

Larynx

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36
Q

The trachea bifurcates inferiorly to form the _______ _______?

A

Bronchial tubes

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37
Q

What is the ridge separating the openings of the right and left main bronchi at their junction with the trachea?

A

Main Carina

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38
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3: superior, middle, and inferior

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39
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2: superior and inferior

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40
Q

The lungs _______ to the rib cage via the ________ membrane

A

adhere, pleural

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41
Q

the membrane that covers the exterior surface of the lungs and inner thoracic wall

A

pleural membrane

42
Q

The pleurae that encases the lungs

A

visceral pleurae

43
Q

The pleurae that is the thoracic lining

A

parietal pleurae

44
Q

the thin area between the two layers of pleura that protects the lungs from contact with other structures

A

pleural cavity

45
Q

During inhalation, the thoracic cavity expands in which ways?

A

superior/inferior

46
Q

When the chest wall _________ this causes the parietal pleura to pull away from the visceral pleura on the lungs

A

expands

47
Q

Name one landmark found on all vertebrae

A

Corpus

48
Q

Opening at the base of skull that connects spinal cord to brain

A

foramen magnum

49
Q

two major branches from the trachea leading to right and left lungs

A

bronchus

50
Q

small divisions of the bronchial tree

A

bronchioles

51
Q

small hollows or cavities in a structure, the air sac where in gas exchange occurs

A

alveoli

52
Q

What is the equation for pressure

A

force/area

53
Q

_____ chamber is when air pressure is partially dependent upon volume

A

Closed chamber

54
Q

______ chamber is when air pressure exerted on inner walls of chamber = air pressure exerted on outer surface of the body

A

open chamber

55
Q

What is the average volume (TV) during quiet inhalation for adults?

A

~500 ml

56
Q

Exhalation is a ________ process

A

Passive

57
Q

_______ muscles are needed for “forced” exhalation

A

Accesory

58
Q

What are the two forced exhalation muscles?

A

Thoracic muscles and Abdominal muscles

59
Q

How many liters are taken into the lungs per minute with quiet tidal respiration?

A

6-8 L/minute

60
Q

During speaking we want to maintain consistent _______ pressure during phonation

A

subglottic

61
Q

______ phase is longer than _______ phase for speech

A

Expiratory and Inspiratory

62
Q

The expiratory and inspiratory phases are about _________ when breathing for life

A

equal

63
Q

Speech breathing is a combination of ________ with _______ utterances

A

breathing, linguistic

64
Q

Vocal intensity, vocal pitch is known as what?

A

Prosodic variations

65
Q

What is the minimum subglottic pressure needed in the vocal folds make the folds move?

A

3-5 cm H20

66
Q

What is the subglottic pressure at the conversation speech level?

A

7-10 cm H20

67
Q

When a syllabic stress is needed during speech, how much does the subglottic pressure change?

A

Increases by 2 cm H20

68
Q

One inspiration and one expiration is known as what?

A

Respiration cycle

69
Q

How many respiration cycles do adults have in one minute?

A

12-18 cycles/minute (average 15)

70
Q

About __% of breathing is inhalation, and __% is exhalation

A

40%, 60%

71
Q

Speech duration is dependent upon the _____ of airflow

A

Rate (i.e., speed)

72
Q

The faster you ______, the shorter the speech duration

A

exhale

73
Q

About __% is inhalation, and __% is exhalation during speech breathing

A

10%, 90%

74
Q

This measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled as a function of time

A

Spirometer

75
Q

This is use for a classic pulmonary function test

A

Spirometer

76
Q

Accurate estimates of the amount of air each compartment/partition of the respiratory system can hold

A

Volumes

77
Q

Combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

A

Capacities

78
Q

The amount of air that one can inhale and exhale during a respiratory cycle (for any activity)

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

79
Q

What is the average volume of air inhaled/exhaled during resting breathing (TV) for adults?

A

525 mL (600mL M, 450 mL F)

80
Q

The volume of air that you can maximally inhale forcefully beyond a normal quiet/resting/tidal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

81
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume for adults?

A

2,475 mL

82
Q

The volume of air that can be maximally expired a normal or resting exhalation (or below tidal volume)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

83
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume for adults?

A

1000 mL

84
Q

Volume of air that you can inhale after maximal expiration, capacity available for speech

A

Vital capacity (VC)

85
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity (VC)?

A

VC = TV+IRV+ERV

86
Q

What is the average vital capacity for adults?

A

4,000 mL

87
Q

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal forceful expiration

A

Residual Volume (RV)

88
Q

What is the average residual volume in adults?

A

1100 mL

89
Q

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

90
Q

What is the equation for total lung capacity?

A

TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

91
Q

What is the average total lung capacity for an adult?

A

5,100 mL

92
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled above the expiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

93
Q

What is the average inspiratory capacity for adults?

A

3,000 mL

94
Q

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after tidal exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity

95
Q

Functional residual capacity ______ with age

A

increases, due to loss of inspiratory capacity

96
Q

Pressure measured within the oral cavity

A

intraoral pressure

97
Q

Pressure below the vocal cords

A

Subglottal pressure

98
Q

Pressure within the individual alveolus

A

Alveolar or pulmonic pressure

99
Q

Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membrane

A

Intrapleural pressure

100
Q

Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight; approximately ________ mmHg

A

760 mmHg

101
Q

What is the therapy used to improve speech?

A

Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST)

A&P for SLP (23 decks)

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