Ch 1: Muscles Flashcards
What are the two conditions that must be met to allow movement??
- The structure of the joint must allow movement
- Muscle must cross the joint and be able to contract and relax
What joint type allows limited movement?
cartilaginous/amphiarthrodial
What joint type allows the most movement?
synovial/diarthrodial
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Striated/skeletal
Smoot
Cardiac
What is the one thing muscle can do?
contract
What muscle fiber contracts quickly, fatigue easily, and are for fine movements?
Fast twitch
What muscle fiber is for large movements, have greater endurance, exert greater force, and are antigravity muscles of the trunk?
Slow twitch
What is the hierarchy composition of striated muscle?
Largest to smallest
Muscle - muscle fibers - myofibrils - myofilaments - thick myofilaments - thin myofilaments
How short can muscle get when they contract?
~1/3 of original length
Muscle can only ______ structures
pull
The impulse to activate muscle arises at the ____________ of the cerebral cortex
motor strip
What are the three basic components a neuron is made out of?
Dendrite, soma, axon
What is the input side of a neuron? Information is received here
dendrite
what is the cell body of the neuron?
soma
The point at which information leaves the neuron
axon
What part of the neuron is responsible for waste removal, blood-brain barrier and much more?
glial cells
an aggregate of cell bodies in the CNS having functional unity
nuclei
aggregate of cell bodies in the PNS having functional unity (i.e., spiral ganglion of the auditory system)
ganglia
What is a neuron’s basic function?
to communicate
What is the space between two neurons where communication occurs?
synapse (between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another)
Important cranial nerve that mediates sense of touch for face and control many muscles of chewing
(V) Trigeminal nerve
What is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates?
Motor unit
What makes up a motor unit (5 things)?
Dendrite, nucleus, axon, neuromuscular junction, muscle fiber
How do we activate muscles after we develop a motor plan?
Through neural impulses
The attachment point of muscle that has limited movement
Origin (more proximal)
The attachment point that has more movement
Insertion (more distal)
This attaches muscle to bone, muscle to cartilage, or muscle to muscle and is usually very strong
Tendon
Responsible for movement
A. agonist
B. Antagonist
C. synergists/fixator
Agonist
Perform movements opposite of the agonist
A. agonist
B. Antagonist
C. synergists/fixator
Antagonist
Stabilize structure
A. agonist
B. Antagonist
C. synergists/fixator
Synergists/Fixator
What are the three important muscl emovements?
Isometric, concentric, eccentric
Muscle action where its point of attachment do not move relative to each other
Isometric (ex: flexing in the mirror)
Muscle is active and its attachments are drawn closer together
Concentric (ex: bicep curl)
Muscle is active and its attachments are drawn further apart
Eccentric
Bending at a joint to bring surfaces/ends closer together
flexion
bring surfaces/ends apart (straightening)
extension
Complex process used to convert your inner thoughts into a chain of speech sounds
linguistic encoding/speech - this is generated through the activation of multiple muscle systems
What are the systems (5) involved in speech?
- respiratory
- phonatory
- articulation
- resonance
- nervous
What system is the “power” source for speech production?
respiratory system
What system is involved in producing ‘voice’
phonation system
What separates the upper and lower airways?
vocal folds
What houses the vocal folds?
larynx
What vibrates to produce voice?
vocal folds
2 bands of muscle (thyroarytenoid muscle) that control the presence of phonation or not & lower airway protection
Vocal folds
vocal folds up from the ________ first
bottom
The system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech
articulatory system
What determines the shape of vocal tract?
- changing place of articulators
- speech articulators: mobile vs immobile
What is the filter of the source-filter theory?
vocal tract (i.e., nasal cavity, pharynx, and oral cavity)
What are the sources of the source-filter theory?
Lungs
