Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VMS 1008 > Physiology of Gustation/ Olfaction > Flashcards

Physiology of Gustation/ Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Olfaction?

A

The sense of smell, allows you to detect small amounts of many substances from a great distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Gustation?

A

The sense of taste, allows you to detect large amounts of a few substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the olfactory bulb?

A

It processes odours in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the olfactory recess?

A

A labyrinth of thin bones covered in epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lamina transversa?

A

Bone separates the main airway and olfactory recess traps odours even after air is exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the point of having lateral slits?

A

direct the airflow laterally to prevent interference with incoming smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the lamina transversa?

A

a bone that separates the olfactory recess from the main airway and traps scent molecules to enhance detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are turbinates?

A

long thin bones covered in nasal tissue that can expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are olfactory receptors?

A

detect air-borne odour molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an adaptation of olfactory receptors to be able to detect odour molecules?

A

They have cilia that can project into the mucous to detect odour molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are mitral cells?

A

Neurones that are part of the olfactory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are mitral cells found?

A

Found in the olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is olfactory epithelium?

A

A type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lines the turbinate’s in the caudal cavity involved in sensing smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three turbinates that airflow can be directed through?

A

Ventral, Middle and Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ventral meatus?

A

Widest and shortest meatus, goes directly to the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Middle meatus?

A

leads air through the heat exchanger and to the caudal part of the olfactory epithelium before it reaches the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the dorsal meatus?

A

leads air above the heat exchanger and to the olfactory epithelium before reaching the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does exhalation usually occur?

A

occurs mainly through the ventral meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does breathing at rest usually occur?

A

air flows mainly through the two more ventral meatuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of receptor are olfactory receptors?

A

G-protein coupled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What enzyme do G-Protein receptors activate?

A

adenylyl cyclase

22
Q

How are olfactory receptors stimulated?

A

Vibrational theory, each odour molecule has a specific vibrational energy that a receptor detects

23
Q

What is the olfactory threshold?

A

The lowest concentration of an odour that can be detected when it is in contact with the olfactory epithelium

24
Q

What is olfactory adaptation mediated by?

A

Ca2+ ions// action potentials

25
Q

Which nerve stimulates pain in the nose e.g by irritating substances

A

The Trigeminal nerve

26
Q

What is Anosmia?

A

absence of the sense of smell

27
Q

What is Hyposmia?

A

diminished olfactory sensitivity

28
Q

What is Dysosmia?

A

distorted sense of smell

29
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ?

A

Sensory organ located in the rostral palatine bone that is sensitive to odour molecules suspended in liquids

30
Q

What are the 5 categories of taste?

A

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter and Umani

31
Q

What is Umani?

A

detection of amino acids

32
Q

What is bitter taste?

A

detection of toxins

33
Q

What are the three different types of taste cells?

A

Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3

34
Q

What type of receptor cells detect sweet, umami and bitter taste?

A

Type II cells

35
Q

What type of receptor cells detect sour taste?

A

Type III detector cells

36
Q

What are some of the functions of olfaction?

A

Detection of food
Detection of enemies
Navigate the terrain

37
Q

Where do sensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ synapse?

A

They synapse with mitral cells in the olfcatory bulb

38
Q

What animals lack an olfactory bulb?

A

Birds

39
Q

How does the sense of smell travel?

A

Mucous glands secrete mucus that traps the odour molecules
olfactory receptor cells can then detect these odour molecules
The axons of the olfactory cells then synapse with the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

axons of the olfactory nerve travel through the cribiform plate

synapses are called glomeruli

40
Q

How does the sense of smell travel?

A

Mucous glands secrete mucus that traps the odour molecules
olfactory receptor cells can then detect these odour molecules
The axons of the olfactory cells then synapse with the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

axons of the olfactory nerve travel through the cribiform plate

synapses are called glomeruli

41
Q

Where do nerve fibres extending from the mitral cells end up?

A

The cerebral olfactory cortex

42
Q

How is the olfactory cortex responsible for odours illiciting strong emotions?

A

Olfactory cortex is related to the limbic system

43
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve that cause pain fibres in the nasal cavity?

A
  • Mandibular branch
  • Maxillary branch
  • Ocular branch
44
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve that cause pain fibres in the nasal cavity?

A
  • Mandibular branch
  • Maxillary branch
  • Ocular branch
45
Q

What are the nasal pain branches responsible for?

A

initiating sneezing and lacrimation/ other reflex responses

46
Q

What is the purpose of olfactory cells secreting mucus?

A

allows odour molecules to become trapped

47
Q

What is the purpose of the Flehmenn response?

A

Draws fluid/smalls into the vomeronasal organ

48
Q

What occurs when ATP is released due to the detection on sweet, umani or bitter compounds are released?

A

ATP binds to purinergic receptors to have excitatory effect on
own receptor cell (autocrine), nearby receptors (paracrine),
presynaptic cells and sensory nerve endings
» Serotonin released directly when low pH detected (sour, acidic
compounds) or indirectly from ATP stimulation
» Serotonin has excitatory effect on sensory nerve endings but
inhibitory paracrine effect on receptor cells
» GABA also released from stimulated presynaptic cells which has
inhibitory paracrine effect on receptor cells
» Stimulated nerve endings release glutamate that has an
excitatory effect on presynaptic cells

49
Q

What ion mediates the increase in the olfactory threshold over time?

A

calcium ions

50
Q

What does stimulation of the vomeronasal organ lead to?

A

Increased secretion of GnRH

VMS 1008 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions