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VMS 1008 > Endocrinology of the adrenal gland > Flashcards

Endocrinology of the adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Triangular glands located craniomedially to each kidney

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

The outer cortex and the inner medulla

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3
Q

Where does the cortex develop from?

A

It develops from mesodermal tissue and secretes steroid hormones

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4
Q

Where does the medulla develop from?

A

The medulla develops from neuronal tissue and releases catecholamine hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline

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5
Q

What are the three zones that the adrenal cortex can be divided into?

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona reticularis and Zona fasciculata

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6
Q

What is the end product hormone of the zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

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7
Q

What is the end product hormone of the zona fasciculata?

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

What is the end product hormone of the zona reticularis?

A

androstenedione and testosterone

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9
Q

What is the starting point of all hormones in the adrenal cortex?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

What is the first step of hormone synthesis?

A

Removal of the cholesterol side chain in order to produce pregnenolone

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11
Q

Where does the first step of synthesis occur?

A

In the mitochondria of adrenocortical cells

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12
Q

Which hormone is released from the hypothalamus when stress is the primary stimulus annd what is its function?

A

Cortico-releasing hormone or ACTH releasing hormone, it is delivered to the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system and then stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What happens when ACTH acts on the zona fasciculata?

A

Increases the uptake of cholesterol into cells and increases the conc of cholesterol being converted into glucocorticoids/androgens

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14
Q

Where is renin produced and released from?

A

The juxtaglomerular cells

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15
Q

Where does angiontensin I get converted to angiotensin II?

A

By angiotension converting enzyme in pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

What are the two effects of angiotensin II on the body?

A

It acts on the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and stimulates the production of aldosterone

17
Q

What are mineralcorticoids?

A

Mineralcorticoids have crucial effects on the homeostasis of important ions eg Na+

18
Q

What system regulates the secretion of ACTH?

A

The renin angiotensin system

19
Q

What is the ‘most important’ glucocorticoid? in mammals?

A

Cortisol

20
Q

What effect does cortisol have during times of stress?

A

Increases plasma levels of glucose (stimulates gluconeogenesis)

21
Q

What is DHEA and where is it secreted?

A

DHEA is secreted from the zona reticularis and has important functions in libido and hair growth in females

22
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

To synthesise and secrete catecholamines such as adrenaline or noradrenaline

23
Q

What are Chromaffin cells?

A

Cells that produce neurohormones

24
Q

What is hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Cushings disease/ over production of glucocorticoids

25
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Addisons disease/ deficiency of glucocorticoids

26
Q

What is the most important glucocorticoid in the body?

A

Cortisol

27
Q

Why does cortisol bind to CBG in the blood?

A

So that it lasts longer

28
Q

What is the main stimulus for cortisol release?

A

Stress

29
Q

What does cortisol stimulate in times of stress

In terms of glucose

A

Increased gluconeogenesis

30
Q

What does cortisol stimulate the degredation of?

A

fat and protein, mainly from muscle

31
Q

What do chronically high levels of glucocorticords eventually go on to cause?

A

Weakening of the skin, muscle wasting, reduction in bone strength, immunosuppression

32
Q

What is DHEA and what part of the pituitary gland is it secreted from?

A

it contributes to libido and hair growth, provides an important source of androgens in females

33
Q

What cells in the adrenal medulla produce adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Chromaffin cells

34
Q

What are adrenaline and noradrenaline derived from?

A

Tyrosine

35
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on the body?

A

Helps the body respond to stressful situations by increasing heart rate and the force of contraction, as well as increasing blood flow to the muscles and brain

36
Q

What do the glucocorticoids do to the hypothalamus once they have been produced?

A

They provide negative feedback

37
Q

What is the purpose of CBG?

A

Binds to cortisol in the blood, increases its half life/ helps it last longer

VMS 1008 (20 decks)

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