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VMS 1008 > Hypothalamic pituitary axis I and II > Flashcards

Hypothalamic pituitary axis I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of hormones?

A

Amino acid derivatives, Peptide and protein hormones, Steroid hormones and fatty acid compounds

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2
Q

What are amino-acid derivative hormones?

A

any hormone derived from tyrosine (thyroid hormones and catelochomines)

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3
Q

What are steroid derivative hormones?

A

Any hormone derived from cholesterol

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4
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Chains of amino acids, all pituitary gland hormones

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5
Q

What are fatty acid compound hormones?

A

Any hormone derived from arachidonic acid

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamic pituitary portal system?

A

Two capillary beds in series,

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7
Q

How does ADH get secreted?

A

The hypothalamus detects a decrease in blood volume and increase in osmolarity

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8
Q

What happens to aquaporins when ADH concentrations are high?

A

More aquaporins are incorporated into the luminal membranes of the tubular cells so more water is absorbed from the collecting ducts

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9
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A major regulatory system that coordinates life sustaining responses and functions

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10
Q

What are some examples of ‘pure’ endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid and adrenal

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11
Q

What are some organs that contain endocrine cells?

A

The pancreas, Thymus, Gonads and The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is a ‘pure’ endocrine gland?

A

A gland with no exocrine function that only secretes hormones

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13
Q

What causes pituitary dwarfism?

A

Secretion of too little growth hormone in young animals

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14
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

Secretion of too little ADH

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15
Q

What causes Hypo/Hyper throidism?

A

Secretion of too much/ too little thyroid hormone

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16
Q

What causes hypo-hyper calcaemia?

A

When the circulating calcium is too low/ too high

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17
Q

What is hypo-/hyper parathyroidism?

A

Secretion of too much/ too little parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

What part of the brain does the hypothalamus form part of the floor of?

A

The diencephalon

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus serve as a link for?

A

Serves as a link between the neuro and endocrine systems

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20
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

The hypophysis

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21
Q

What links the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum

22
Q

What are the three parts of the pituitary?

A

Anterior lobe, Intermediate lobe and Posterior lobe

23
Q

Which lobe is an extension of the hypothalamus?

A

The posterior lobe/ neurohypophysis

24
Q

Where are the anterior and intermediate lobes derived from?

A

They are epithelial tissues and they are derived from the oral cavity

25
Q

What defining feature of the posterior lobe means that it is part of the CNS?

A

it is connected to the hypothalamus via axons

26
Q

What system connects the anterior/posterior lobes to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamic pituitary portal system

27
Q

What two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

28
Q

How many amino acids make up both ADH and oxytocin?

A

9, 7 of which are conserved

29
Q

By what mechanism does ADH work?

A

via a negative feedback mechanism

30
Q

What is incorporated when ADH concentrations are high?

A

More aquaporins are added into the luminal membrane of the tubular cells

31
Q

What is Hypovolaemia and what detects it?

A

Hypovolaemia is detected by pressure sensors such as carotid and aortic baroreceptors and stretch receptors in the walls of the left atrium and the pulmonary vein

Hypovolaemia

32
Q

What can cause diabetes insipidus?

A

Head trauma, infections and tumours of the hypothalamus

33
Q

What kind of mechanism releases oxytocin?

A

Positive feedback, useful for uterine contractions and contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary alveoli

34
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A

they increase secretion rate

35
Q

What do inhibitory neurones do?

A

they decrease secretion rate

36
Q

What are the 6 different anterior pituitary hormones?

A

ACTH, GH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH

37
Q

What are the 5 different types of endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

Gonadotrophs, Somatotrophs, Corticotrophs, Thyrotrophs, and lactotrophs

38
Q

What is long-loop feedback?

A

Hormones released from the peripheral endocrine gland provides feedback to the pituitary or hypothalamus

39
Q

What is short loop feedback?

A

Hormone from the pituitary provides feedback to the hypothalamus

40
Q

What is ultra short feedback?

A

The hormone released by the endocrine organ directly provides feedback to the endocrine organ of origin

41
Q

What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone

42
Q

How many amino acids are in growth hormone?

A

191

43
Q

What are the two hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones that regulate the release of GH?

A

GHRH, and GHIH

44
Q

What is prolactin?

A

A peptide hormone consisting of a single chain (198 amino acids)- it stimulates the production of milk and development of the mammary gland

45
Q

What two hormones regulate the secretion of Prolactin?

A

PRH and dopamine (PIH)

46
Q

Why can you do direct release of neuroendocrine cells into the first capillary bed?

A

Because there is no BBB

47
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Network of blood vessels and tissues, made up of closely spaced cells that keep harmful substances form reaching the brain

48
Q

What is Diuresis?

A

Excessive production of urine

49
Q

What pressure sensors detect hypovolaemia?

A

pressure sensors e.g
carotid and aortic baroreceptors and stretch receptors in the wall of the left atrium

50
Q

What is produced by the liver when growth hormone acts on it?

A

IGF-1 (insulin-like growth hormone)

51
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on growth hormone?

A

it inhibits GH secretion

VMS 1008 (20 decks)

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