Physiology Book Notes Flashcards

1
Q

in the airways, sympathetic adrenergic neurons activate ________ on bronchial smooth muscle, leading to their _______ and _______
activated by ______

A

B2 receptors
Relaxation and dilation
epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in the airways, parasympathetic cholinergic neurons activate _______ receptors, leading to _______ and _______ of airways

A

muscarinic receptors

contraction and constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pouchlike evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveolar sacs

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type __ pneumocytes synthesize pulmonary surfactant

A

type II pneumocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

changes in pulmonary arteriolar resistance are controlled mainly by

A

O2, a local factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be inspired above tidal volume (~3000mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume (~1200mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

residual volume

A

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration (~1200mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

composed of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

physiologic dead space

A

total volume of the lungs that does not participate i ngas exchange
includes anatomic dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

minute ventilation

A

total rate of air movement into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

total rate of air movement into and out of the lungs but correcting for the physiologic dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the higher the alveolar ventilation, the more ___ is pulled out of the blood and the lower the ____ and ____

A

CO2

PACO2 and PaCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if CO2 production doubles, like during strenuous exercise, the ventilation must

A

also double, sto maintain a constant PACO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when alveolar ventilation is halved, the decrease in PAO2 will be slightly _____ than the increase in PACO2 due to the ______

A

slightly greater

respiratory exchange ratio of 0.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FEV1 refers to

A

the volume of air that can be forcibly expired in the first second

17
Q

obstructive lung diseases, like asthma, COPD affect the FEV1/FVC ratio by

A

lowering both FEV1 and FVC

FEV1 is decreased more - increased RESISTANCE to expiratory air flow

18
Q

restrictive lung diseases, like fibrosis, affect the FEV1/FVC ratio by

A

lowers but FEV1 and FVC
FVC decreased more
FEV1/FVC ratio will be increased

19
Q

hysteresis accounts for the difference in lung volume during inspiration and expiration: lung volume is ______ during expiration than during inspiration

A

lung volume is greater during expiratino than during inspiration because compliance is higher during expiration than during inspiration

20
Q

when the volume of the lungs is at FRC, the collapsing pressure of the ____ and the expanding pressure of the ____ equally oppose each other

A

collapsing pressure of lungs

expandnig pressure of chest wall

21
Q

at volumes less than FRC, the collapsing pressure becomes ____ ____ the expanding pressure

A

the collapsing pressure becomes less than the expanding pressure
tendency to expand increases
airway pressure is negative

22
Q

at volumes greater than the FRC, the collapsing pressure becomes _____ ____ the expanding pressure

A

the collapsing pressure becomes greater than the expanding pressure
lung and chest-wall system wants to collapse
airway pressure is positive

23
Q

emphysema is associated with what change in compliance and why

A

loss of elastic fibers in the lungs, increasing the compliance
decreases collapsing force of lungs, increasing FRC

24
Q

due to their higher FRC, patients with emphysema tend to

A

breathe at higher lung volumes and have barrel-shaped chests

25
Q

fibrosis is associated with what change in compliance and why

A

decreases compliance - due to being a restrictive disease
(stiffening of lung tissues)
tendency of lungs to collapse is greater than tendency of chest wall to expand
new lower FRC is established

26
Q

large alveoli have ____ collapsing pressure

small alveoli have ____ collapsing pressure

A

large have small collapsing while small have high collapsing pressure

27
Q

surfactant has what effect on lung compliance

A

increases lung compliance, reducing work of expanding the lungs during inspiration

28
Q

surfactant synthesis begins at week

A

24

29
Q

infants born before 24 weeks will never have

A

surfactant

30
Q

sites of highest airway resistance in the airways

A

medium-sized bronchi