Physiology Book Notes Flashcards
in the airways, sympathetic adrenergic neurons activate ________ on bronchial smooth muscle, leading to their _______ and _______
activated by ______
B2 receptors
Relaxation and dilation
epinephrine
in the airways, parasympathetic cholinergic neurons activate _______ receptors, leading to _______ and _______ of airways
muscarinic receptors
contraction and constriction
pouchlike evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveolar sacs
alveoli
Type __ pneumocytes synthesize pulmonary surfactant
type II pneumocytes
changes in pulmonary arteriolar resistance are controlled mainly by
O2, a local factor
inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume that can be inspired above tidal volume (~3000mL)
expiratory reserve volume
additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume (~1200mL)
residual volume
volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration (~1200mL)
inspiratory capacity
composed of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
physiologic dead space
total volume of the lungs that does not participate i ngas exchange
includes anatomic dead space
minute ventilation
total rate of air movement into and out of the lungs
alveolar ventilation
total rate of air movement into and out of the lungs but correcting for the physiologic dead space
the higher the alveolar ventilation, the more ___ is pulled out of the blood and the lower the ____ and ____
CO2
PACO2 and PaCO2
if CO2 production doubles, like during strenuous exercise, the ventilation must
also double, sto maintain a constant PACO2
when alveolar ventilation is halved, the decrease in PAO2 will be slightly _____ than the increase in PACO2 due to the ______
slightly greater
respiratory exchange ratio of 0.8