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Cardiopulm Midterm > Alveolar Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Alveolar Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

perfusion is

A

blood to lungs

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2
Q

ventilation is

A

gas into lungs

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3
Q

air moves from an area of ___ pressure to ___ pressure

A

high to low pressure

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4
Q

pressure differences between two ends of conducting zone occur due to changes in

A

lung volume

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5
Q

airflow can be determined by

A

ohm’s law

q = P1-P2 / R

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6
Q

airway resistance is controlled by

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to

A

the sum of pressures of each gas in it

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8
Q

the amount of gas that can dissolve in liquid depends on
______ of gas in liquid
_______
______ ______ of gases

A

solubility of gas in liquid
temperature
partial pressure of the gases - determining factor

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9
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

gas exchange - make up most of the membrane

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10
Q

type II pneumocytes perform what function

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant, reabosrb water and sodium

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11
Q 
ficks law says transfer of gas through a tissue is 
proportional
 to: 
and inversely proportional
 to
A

proportional to tissue area and difference in gas partial pressure
inversely proportional to tissue thickness

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12
Q

alveolar gas exchange depends on two factors:
blood to the lungs or ______ and
gas into the lungs, or ________

A

perfusion

ventilation

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13
Q

perfusion is highest in which part of the lung

A

perfusion is highest in zone 3 (most inferior part)

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14
Q

ventilation is highest in which part of the lung

A

ventilation is highest in zone 1 (most superior part)

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15
Q

airflow can be determined using what equation

A

difference in pressure over resistance
Ohm’s law
P1-P2 / R

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16
Q

the easiest way to change resistance in the lungs (and in circulation) is to decrease _______; this is because a change in this factor will result in a 4x increase in resistance

A

radius

decreasing the radius of a vessel by a factor of one will result in a fourfold increase in resistance

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17
Q

increasing resistance through the bronchioles is performed most easily by decreasing radius
this is controlled by _____ ______

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

partial pressure of a gas can be determined by multiplying the ______ of that gas in mixture by total pressure

A

the % of that gas in mixture by total pressure

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19
Q

what effect does the addition of water vapor have on the partial pressures of each gas

A

addition of water vapor takes away from total

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20
Q

PO2 in dry air

A

159

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21
Q

PCO2 in dry air

A

0.2

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22
Q

PO2 in alveolar gas

A

100

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23
Q

PCO2 in alveolar gas

A

40

24
Q

PH2O in dry air

A

0.0

25
Q

PH2O in alveolar gas

A

47

26
Q

the three factors affecting the amount of gas that can dissolve in liquid

  1. ______ of gas in liquid
  2. _________
  3. ________ _____ of gases *** (determining factor)
A

solubility . of gas in liquid
temperature
partial pressure of the gases is the determining factor

27
Q

PO2 of arterial blood

A

95

28
Q

PO2 of venous blood

A

40

29
Q

PCO2 of arterial blood

A

40

30
Q

PCO2 of venous blood

A

46

31
Q

PH2O of alveolar gas, arterial blood and venous blood

A

47

32
Q

the PO2 concentration of alveoli (100) is controlled by

  1. the rate of new air into lungs
  2. rate of absorption into blood : ________
A

250 ml/ O2/min

33
Q

the PCO2 concentration in alveoli (40) is controlled by

  1. rate of excretion: ________
  2. rate of new air into lungs
A

200 ml CO2/min

rate of new air into the lungs decreases proportional to alveolar ventilation

34
Q

components of an alveolar unit (7)

A 
surfactant 
alveolar epithelial cells
alveolar epithelial basement membrane 
interstitial space 
capillary basement membrane 
capillary endothelial cells
capillary lumen
35
Q

type II pneumocytes are responsible for

A

producing pulmonary surfactant and reabsorbing water and sodium

36
Q

type I pneumocytes make up ___ % of the SA in an alveoli

what function do they perform

A

95%

gas exchange

37
Q

gas transfer is proportional to _____ and _____ in gas partial pressure
gas transfer is inversely proportional to _____ ______

A

proportional to tissue area and difference in gas partial pressure
inversely proportional to tissue thickness

38
Q

CO2 diffuses ____ x more rapidly than O2

A

20x

39
Q

T/F: the diffusion of each gas is dependent on one another

A

false

diffusion rates are independent

40
Q

although an RBC will take approximately .75 seconds to span an alveoli, gas exchange occurs in only ____ seconds

A

.25 seconds

even during exercise, blood isnt moving too quickly for gas exchange to occur

41
Q

limitations of diffusion (4)

A
  1. SA available for diffusion (A)
  2. Thickness (T) - aka distance between RBC and alveolus
  3. Solubility of gas (D)
  4. Pressure gradient (P1-P2)
    J = A/T * D * (P1-P2)
42
Q

if alveoli are damaged, it decreases the total _____ _____ available for diffusion, affecting total gas exchange

A

surface area

can occur in disease like emphysema where patients have damaged, ruptured alveoli

43
Q 
as distance increases, \_\_\_\_\_\_ decreases 
factors that can increase distance include 
fluid layer 
alveolar epithelium 
interstitial space 
blood vessel wall
A 
distance increases, diffusion decreases 
collagen deposition (like with fibrosis) within the interstitial space increases diffusion distance, therefore decreasing diffusion of gases
44
Q

diffusion coefficient is dependent on

A

solubility (O2 is less soluble than CO2)
molecular weight (O2 weighs less than CO2)
the DCO2 is 20x larger than DO2

45
Q

the PVO2 is equal to ____ mmHg, while the PalvO2 is equal to ___ mmHg, this pressure difference is a large factor in driving oxygen from the alveolus to the capillaries

A 
PvO2 = 40 mmHg 
PalvO2 = 100mmHg 
(P1-P2 = 60 mmHg)
46
Q

the PvCO2 is equal to ___ mmHg, while the PalvCO2 is equal to ___ mmHg, this pressure difference is a factor in driving CO2 out of the veins into the alveoli

A 
PvCO2 = 45 mmHg 
PalvCO2 = 40 mmHg
47
Q

N2O can be used to determine if _____ is limited in a patient

A

perfusion

N2O rapidly increases for Pc =Pa

48
Q

CO can be used to determine if ____ is limited in a patient

A

diffusion
Pc =/= Pa
CO doesnt diffuse well but what does binds more tightly to Hb than O2

49
Q

in a large alveolus, _____ will be relatively low

A

pressure low in large alveolus

50
Q

in small alveolus, _____ is relatively high

A

pressure high in small alveolus

51
Q

collateral airflow can occur without _____ from small alveolus to large alveolus (pressure moves from high to low)

A

collateral airflow occurs without surfactant
molecules of water in tissue have strong intermolecular interactions that pull them closer
surfactant breaks up these interactions

52
Q

_______ reduces surface tension in smallest alveoli more so than larger alveoli; promotes lung expansion during inspiration

A

surfactant

53
Q

components of surfactant include two phospholipids:

and neutral lipids such as:

A

DPCC
Phosphatidylglycerol/ethanolamin/inotisol
neutral lipids? cholesterol

54
Q

surfactant is stored within

A

immature lamellar bodies

55
Q

surfactant is secreted with

A

mature lamellar bodies

56
Q

surfactant is recycled by using

A

multivesicular bodies

Cardiopulm Midterm (18 decks)

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