Physiology and Pathology of the Brain

Question 1

Cerebral cortex pathology

think what can happen to blood flow ?

Answer 1

For example, a stroke will cause weakness and stiffness with increased reflexes on the opposite side of the body.

Question 2

Basal ganglia pathology

Answer 2

For example, Parkinson’s disease will produce altered ability to initiate movement, abnormal posture, stiffness in the limbs, while strength is largely preserved.

Question 3

Cerebellar pathology

Answer 3

Produces problems with co-ordination while strength is normal.

Question 4

Brain stem pathology

Answer 4

Messages pass through the brain stem to the mouth, to the spinal cord to influence the limbs. A problem in the spinal cord often produces involvement of mouth movements and limb movements.

Question 5

Spinal cord pathology

Answer 5

In the neck results in problems with movement of all four limbs (quadriparesis).
- When the problem lies between the cervical and lumbar region of the limbs stiff, weak lower limbs result (spastic paraparesis).

Question 6

what nerves innervate our reflexes ?

Think upside down man

Answer 6

Ankles -S1,2
Knees-L3,4
Biceps , supinator-C5,6
Triceps- C 6,7,8

Question 7

upper motor lesions cause?

Answer 7

Upper motor neurone lesions usually produce hyperreflexia.

Question 8

lower motor lesion causes ?

Answer 8

Lower motor neurone lesions usually produce a diminished or absent response in reflex.

Question 9

How does tone change in upper and lower motor lesions.

Answer 9

• Hypertonia is found in upper motor neurone lesions.

- Hypotonia is found in lower motor neurone lesions and cerebellar disorders.