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YR2 NEURO > Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A

the cerebral Corte has 4 lobes

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal

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2
Q

Layers surrounding the brain from superficial to deep
DAP
Folds of the Brain ?
FTFD

A
  • Dura matter ( outer periosteal and inner periosteal)
  • Arachnoid matter ( subarachnoid space= CSF) Arachnoid matter = AVASCULAR
  • Pia matter
The dura folds to form septa that create the: FTFD
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae.

It fold to limit movement of the Brain

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3
Q

Identify the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe: president ( thinking and personality )
Parietal lobe :reacting to our environment
Temporal Lobe: language , hearing and memory
Occipital lobe : vision

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4
Q

parts of the Brain ( division ?)

CDB

A

1) Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
2) Diencephalon ( thalamus , hypothalamus, pineal gland)
3) Brain stem : Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

Fibres which interconnect the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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6
Q

circle of willis

CAIC PB
SPA VP

A

The structure of the circle of Willis includes:

left and right internal carotid arteries
left and right anterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior communicating arteries
basilar artery
anterior communicating artery

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7
Q

what are the parts of the skull called

STEPOF6

A 
S: sphenoid (eyes)
T: temporal (near temples)
E: ethmoid ( from eyes)
P: parietal (main top part of skull)
O:occipital (back of skull)
F: frontal (front )
6: number of skull bones
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8
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Seven Angry Ladies Fighting Over PMS
(8)

A 
Seven - superior thyroid ( Anterior)
Angry- Ascending pharyngeal (Medial)
Ladies- Lingual ( Anterior) 
Fighting- Facial (anterior)
Over- Occipital (Posterior)
P-Posterior auricular (posterior)
M- Maxillary (terminal )
S- Superficial temporal (terminal)
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9
Q 
what vein drains the :
a) scalp
b) deep face
c) face
what is A+B

other veins of the scalp

A

a) superficial temporal vein
b) maxillary vein
c) facial vein
d)

a+ b join to make the retromandibular vein

  • posterior auricular vein
  • external jugular vein
  • internal jugular vein
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10
Q

What is the cavernous sinus ?
what is its clinical significance ?
(3)

A

1) facial vein communicated with superior ophthalmic vein in cavernous sinus

=> Facial triangle

So infection can spread from face into the cranial cavity !

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11
Q

Surroundings of the spinal cord
where does it terminate in child and adult
what happens inferiorly ?

A

The spinal cord is also surrounded by DAP

  • Dura matter
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia matter

1) spinal chord –> foramen magnum
2) child terminated at L3
3) Adult = L1 because of the vertebral column outgrows the spinal chord , hence spinal chord terminated early

inferiorarly the spinal chord :
1) Conus medullaris and cauda equina

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12
Q

Formation of spinal nerves

2

A

1) dorsal route of the spinal chord joins with ventral route to form spinal nerve
- each spinal nerve gives an anterior and posterior branch

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13
Q

Where do the branches of the Trigeminal nerve pass through ?

A

1) 5a =>Superior orbital fissure
2) 5b=> Foramen Rotendum
3) 5c =>Foramen Ovale

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14
Q

bones of the face

A

1) Nasal
2) Maxilla
3) Lacrimal
4) Zygomatic
5) Inferior nasal concha
6) Vomer
7) Mandible
8) Palatine

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15
Q

Bones x the eye socket

LES

A

LES
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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16
Q

what are the common neurotransmitters in the Brain (amino acids )
GGG

A

1) Glutamate - excitatory
2) GABA- Inhibitory
3) Glycine - Inhibitory

17
Q

What are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

4

A

1- Dopamine (D1= excitatory , D2= Inhibitory)
2-NA= Excitatory
3-Serotonins= Ex or Inhibitory
4-Histamine = Excitatory

18
Q

Neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A

1-Substance P = excitatory
2- Metenkephalin= inhibitory
3-Opioids= inhibitory
4-Adrenocorticotropin = excitatory

19
Q

outline the Blood brain barrier

A
  • Permeability inversely related to the size ( smaller molecules get through easier )
  • related to lipid solubility
  • Continuous lipid bilayer that isolates CNS from BLOOD = protective
Lumen of capillary is serrated by :
a) endothelial cells
b) continuous basement membrane 
c) foot processes of astrocytes (mop up any harmful metabolites )
= extra layer of protection 
d) tight junctions
20
Q

Where is the BBB not present

A

absent in 4th ventricle and hypothalamus

- capillary has fenestrations and there are receptors to detect changes and correct things

21
Q

cells of the CNS (5)

A

Oligodendroglia–>Produce myelin in the CNS
Affected in multiple sclerosis

Schwann cells–>Produce myelin in the PNS
Affected in Guillain-Barre syndrome

Astrocytes–>Provides physical support
Removes excess potassium ions
Help form the blood-brain barrier
Physical repair

Microglia–> Specialised CNS phagocytes

Ependymal cells–>Provide the inner lining of the ventricles

22
Q

Foramen of the skull
Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily Across Jugs
(7)

A 
optic- old
rotundum- rotund
ovale- owls
spinosum- spin
lacerum- lazily
acoustic- across
jugular- jugs
23
Q

what is the innervation of the head anteriorly

4

A

Trigeminal nerve including the
5a Ophthalmic division
5b Maxillary division
5c Mandibular division

24
Q

What is the innervation of the Scalp posteriorly ?

4

A

spinal nerves
ones to remember :
1- greater occipital nerve
2-Lesser occipital nerve

25
Q 
what are the branches of the ophthalmic division 5a ?
3 big nerves + branches
FNL
F= 2 branches 
N= 3 branches 
L= none
A

Frontal nerve branches

1) supraorbital
2) supra trochlear

Nasocilliary nerve branches :

1) anterior ethmoidal–>external nasal nerve
2) Posterior ethmoidal
3) Infratrochlear nerve

lacrimal nerve

26
Q

What are the branches of Trigeminal nerve 5b - maxillary division ?
ZZI

A

zygomaticotemporal nerve
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Infraorbital nerve

27
Q

what are the anterior branches of the mandibular division trigeminal nerve 5C?
Big lions drink milk

A

anterior division .

  • Buccal nerve
  • Lateral Pterygoid
  • Deep temporal
  • Masseteric
28
Q

what are the posterior branches of the mandibular (5c) division of the trigeminal nerve ?
ALI
I–>MM

A 
Posterior division :
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve 
Inferior alveolar nerve :
-Mylohyoid
-Mental nerve
29
Q

what are the arteries of the scalp ?

they are named after the sections they pass by …

A

anterior —>posterior

1) supratrochlear artery
2) Supra-orbital artery
3) Superficial temporal artery
4) Posterior auricular artery
5) Occipital artery

30
Q

which part of the trigeminal nerve is motor ?

A

1) Vc = mandibular nerve

31
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery ?

A 
Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students !
S: superior thyroid artery
A: ascending pharyngeal artery
L: lingual artery
F: facial artery
O: occipital artery
P: posterior auricular artery
M: maxillary artery
S: superficial temporal artery
32
Q

what are the main veins of the head and neck ? internal jugular vein branches ?
Medical Schools Let Fun People In

A 
Jugular veins = external and internal
internal jugular vein mnemonic :
Medical Schools Let Fun People In
M: middle thyroid vein
S: superior thyroid vein
L: lingual vein
F: facial vein
P: pharyngeal vein
I: inferior petrosal sinus
33
Q

external jugular vein branches ?

PAST

A

P: posterior external jugular vein
A: anterior jugular vein
S: suprascapular vein
T: transverse cervical vein

34
Q

muscles of the face are innervated by what nerves

forehead , around eye , cheeks , upper lip

A 
facial nerve!
forehead = Occipitofrontalis muscle
Around the eye = Orbicularis 
Cheeks= Zygomaticus minor ( smaller ) and Zygomticus major 
Upper lip = Orbicularis Oris
35
Q

what muscles elevate the lips

smile muscles

A

1) elevator labii superiors muscle

2) Levator angle Oris muscle

36
Q

What are sad muscles= frown muscles ?

A

1- Depressor anguli ORIS muscle

2-Depressor labii inferioris muscle

37
Q

what structures travel through the parotid gland ?

A

1) Facial nerve and branches
2) External carotid artery
3) Retromandibular vein

innervation is glossopharyngeal nerve = parasympathetic nerve

YR2 NEURO (33 decks)

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