Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards
Lobes of the cerebrum
the cerebral Corte has 4 lobes
1) frontal
2) parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal
Layers surrounding the brain from superficial to deep
DAP
Folds of the Brain ?
FTFD
- Dura matter ( outer periosteal and inner periosteal)
- Arachnoid matter ( subarachnoid space= CSF) Arachnoid matter = AVASCULAR
- Pia matter
The dura folds to form septa that create the: FTFD falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli diaphragma sellae.
It fold to limit movement of the Brain
Identify the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe: president ( thinking and personality )
Parietal lobe :reacting to our environment
Temporal Lobe: language , hearing and memory
Occipital lobe : vision
parts of the Brain ( division ?)
CDB
1) Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
2) Diencephalon ( thalamus , hypothalamus, pineal gland)
3) Brain stem : Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
what is the corpus callosum
Fibres which interconnect the 2 hemispheres of the brain
circle of willis
CAIC PB
SPA VP
The structure of the circle of Willis includes:
left and right internal carotid arteries
left and right anterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior communicating arteries
basilar artery
anterior communicating artery
what are the parts of the skull called
STEPOF6
S: sphenoid (eyes) T: temporal (near temples) E: ethmoid ( from eyes) P: parietal (main top part of skull) O:occipital (back of skull) F: frontal (front ) 6: number of skull bones
what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Seven Angry Ladies Fighting Over PMS
(8)
Seven - superior thyroid ( Anterior) Angry- Ascending pharyngeal (Medial) Ladies- Lingual ( Anterior) Fighting- Facial (anterior) Over- Occipital (Posterior) P-Posterior auricular (posterior) M- Maxillary (terminal ) S- Superficial temporal (terminal)
what vein drains the : a) scalp b) deep face c) face what is A+B
other veins of the scalp
a) superficial temporal vein
b) maxillary vein
c) facial vein
d)
a+ b join to make the retromandibular vein
- posterior auricular vein
- external jugular vein
- internal jugular vein
What is the cavernous sinus ?
what is its clinical significance ?
(3)
1) facial vein communicated with superior ophthalmic vein in cavernous sinus
=> Facial triangle
So infection can spread from face into the cranial cavity !
Surroundings of the spinal cord
where does it terminate in child and adult
what happens inferiorly ?
The spinal cord is also surrounded by DAP
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid
- Pia matter
1) spinal chord –> foramen magnum
2) child terminated at L3
3) Adult = L1 because of the vertebral column outgrows the spinal chord , hence spinal chord terminated early
inferiorarly the spinal chord :
1) Conus medullaris and cauda equina
Formation of spinal nerves
2
1) dorsal route of the spinal chord joins with ventral route to form spinal nerve
- each spinal nerve gives an anterior and posterior branch
Where do the branches of the Trigeminal nerve pass through ?
1) 5a =>Superior orbital fissure
2) 5b=> Foramen Rotendum
3) 5c =>Foramen Ovale
bones of the face
1) Nasal
2) Maxilla
3) Lacrimal
4) Zygomatic
5) Inferior nasal concha
6) Vomer
7) Mandible
8) Palatine
Bones x the eye socket
LES
LES
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
what are the common neurotransmitters in the Brain (amino acids )
GGG
1) Glutamate - excitatory
2) GABA- Inhibitory
3) Glycine - Inhibitory
What are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
4
1- Dopamine (D1= excitatory , D2= Inhibitory)
2-NA= Excitatory
3-Serotonins= Ex or Inhibitory
4-Histamine = Excitatory
Neuropeptide neurotransmitters
1-Substance P = excitatory
2- Metenkephalin= inhibitory
3-Opioids= inhibitory
4-Adrenocorticotropin = excitatory
outline the Blood brain barrier
- Permeability inversely related to the size ( smaller molecules get through easier )
- related to lipid solubility
- Continuous lipid bilayer that isolates CNS from BLOOD = protective
Lumen of capillary is serrated by : a) endothelial cells b) continuous basement membrane c) foot processes of astrocytes (mop up any harmful metabolites ) = extra layer of protection d) tight junctions
Where is the BBB not present
absent in 4th ventricle and hypothalamus
- capillary has fenestrations and there are receptors to detect changes and correct things
cells of the CNS (5)
Oligodendroglia–>Produce myelin in the CNS
Affected in multiple sclerosis
Schwann cells–>Produce myelin in the PNS
Affected in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Astrocytes–>Provides physical support
Removes excess potassium ions
Help form the blood-brain barrier
Physical repair
Microglia–> Specialised CNS phagocytes
Ependymal cells–>Provide the inner lining of the ventricles
Foramen of the skull
Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily Across Jugs
(7)
optic- old rotundum- rotund ovale- owls spinosum- spin lacerum- lazily acoustic- across jugular- jugs
what is the innervation of the head anteriorly
4
Trigeminal nerve including the
5a Ophthalmic division
5b Maxillary division
5c Mandibular division
What is the innervation of the Scalp posteriorly ?
4
spinal nerves
ones to remember :
1- greater occipital nerve
2-Lesser occipital nerve
what are the branches of the ophthalmic division 5a ? 3 big nerves + branches FNL F= 2 branches N= 3 branches L= none
Frontal nerve branches
1) supraorbital
2) supra trochlear
Nasocilliary nerve branches :
1) anterior ethmoidal–>external nasal nerve
2) Posterior ethmoidal
3) Infratrochlear nerve
lacrimal nerve
What are the branches of Trigeminal nerve 5b - maxillary division ?
ZZI
zygomaticotemporal nerve
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Infraorbital nerve
what are the anterior branches of the mandibular division trigeminal nerve 5C?
Big lions drink milk
anterior division .
- Buccal nerve
- Lateral Pterygoid
- Deep temporal
- Masseteric
what are the posterior branches of the mandibular (5c) division of the trigeminal nerve ?
ALI
I–>MM
Posterior division : Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve : -Mylohyoid -Mental nerve
what are the arteries of the scalp ?
they are named after the sections they pass by …
anterior —>posterior
1) supratrochlear artery
2) Supra-orbital artery
3) Superficial temporal artery
4) Posterior auricular artery
5) Occipital artery
which part of the trigeminal nerve is motor ?
1) Vc = mandibular nerve
what are the branches of the external carotid artery ?
Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students ! S: superior thyroid artery A: ascending pharyngeal artery L: lingual artery F: facial artery O: occipital artery P: posterior auricular artery M: maxillary artery S: superficial temporal artery
what are the main veins of the head and neck ? internal jugular vein branches ?
Medical Schools Let Fun People In
Jugular veins = external and internal internal jugular vein mnemonic : Medical Schools Let Fun People In M: middle thyroid vein S: superior thyroid vein L: lingual vein F: facial vein P: pharyngeal vein I: inferior petrosal sinus
external jugular vein branches ?
PAST
P: posterior external jugular vein
A: anterior jugular vein
S: suprascapular vein
T: transverse cervical vein
muscles of the face are innervated by what nerves
forehead , around eye , cheeks , upper lip
facial nerve! forehead = Occipitofrontalis muscle Around the eye = Orbicularis Cheeks= Zygomaticus minor ( smaller ) and Zygomticus major Upper lip = Orbicularis Oris
what muscles elevate the lips
smile muscles
1) elevator labii superiors muscle
2) Levator angle Oris muscle
What are sad muscles= frown muscles ?
1- Depressor anguli ORIS muscle
2-Depressor labii inferioris muscle
what structures travel through the parotid gland ?
1) Facial nerve and branches
2) External carotid artery
3) Retromandibular vein
innervation is glossopharyngeal nerve = parasympathetic nerve
