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MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 types of muscle

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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2
Q

T/F: cardiac muscle is voluntary

A

fales..

innervated by the ANS and is involuntary

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of muscles that are striated

A

cardiac and skeletal

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4
Q

smooth muscle is…

A

unstriated and involuntary

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5
Q

T/F: skeletal muscle is voluntary

A

true, innervated by somatic nervous system

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6
Q

the excitation for cardiac muscle is?

A

Ca++ and extra cellular fluid

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7
Q

excitation for skeletal muscle is?

A

neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

how does strength of contraction mechanisms vary in cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

cardiac: pre-load
skeletal: motor unit recruitment and summation

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9
Q

what is the NT for skeletal muscle?

A

Ach

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10
Q

breakdown a motor neurone complex?

A

1 alpha motor unti and parallel skeletal muscle fibres attached to skeleton via tendon

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11
Q

there are 2 types of skeletal muscle contractions; what are they?

A

isotonic- muscle tension constant, muscle length changes

isometric- muscle length constant, muscle tension develops

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12
Q

give an example for isotonic movement…

A

body movement or object movement

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13
Q

isometric contraction example…

A

posture

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14
Q

what are the 3 skeletal muscle fibres and what they’re best suited for?

A

T1: slow oxidative- long low aerobic
T2a- fast oxidative- long moderate aerobic
T2b- fast glycolytic- short anaerobic

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15
Q

what determines speed of contraction?

A

activity of myosin ATPase

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16
Q

T/F: 1 motor unit can contain multiple fibre types

A

F: can only contain 1 type

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17
Q

muscle organisation…

sarcomere>

A

sarcomere> myofibril> muscle fibre> muscle

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18
Q

what actually is a sarcomere and how it creates muscle tension?

A

arrangement of myosin and actin- actin slides on myosin

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19
Q

define a sarcomere…

A

the most basic contractile unit of muscle

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20
Q

fill in the gaps…

sarcomere is found between 2 _ ____ and have 4 zones- A and _ bands, _ zone and _-___.

A

found between 2 Z-lines and have 4 zones- A and I bands, H zone and M-line

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21
Q

what is the main power that causes actin over myosin sliding?

A

ATP which powers cross bridge formation and relaxation

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22
Q

what is the mineral component that drives cross-bridge formation?

A

Ca++

23
Q

what is the action of Ca++ in cross-bridge formation?

A

bind to troponin pulling troponin-tropomyosin complex aside revealing cross-bridge site.

24
Q

where is Ca++ released from and how

A

released from sarcoplasmic reticulum when AP spreads down t-tubules

25
Q

where does ATP come from for AP production resulting in cross-bridge formation?

A

oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic)

26
Q

what determines grade of muscle contraction?

A

no of muscle fibres and tension developed by each contracting fibre (further determines by its length, freq of stimulation etc)

27
Q

inc no of APs results in..

A

longer muscle twitch

28
Q

what are 2 types of skeletal muscle activity?

A

excitatory/inhibitory and reflex

29
Q

what is reason for reflex?

A

maintains optimal muscle resting length

30
Q

what are the sensory receptors for stretch reflex and where are they located in the muscle?

A

muscle spindles found in belly of muscle

31
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of action for pain?

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

32
Q

pathway for nociceptors?

A

sensory afferents activated by noxious stimuli > 2nd order neurones which ascend spinal cord > reaches thalamus and synapses with 3rd order neurones > sensory cortex of brain

33
Q

what are the 4 types of pain

A

nociceptive: provoked by intense nociceptor stimulation
inflammatory: immune system provoked
referred: caused by convergence of visceral and skin afferents at same spinal level
pathological

34
Q

pathological pain is subdivided into…

A

neuropathic: damage to neural tissue
dysfunctional: no damage or infection

35
Q

T/F: neuropathic pathological pain is localised, sharp pain

A

false: more general- burning, shooting, numbness

36
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous

37
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

joints filled with synovial fluid and bones are united by a fibrous capsule

38
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

bones united by fibrous tissue

39
Q

what are cartilaginous joints?

A

bones united by cartilage

40
Q

T/F: synovial joints are the least mobile

A

False: fibrous are the least mobile > cartilaginous > synovial

41
Q

how do joints support motion

A

stress distribution and synovial fluid (lubrication)

42
Q

give 3 functions of synovial fluid?

A

lubricates joint, aids nutrition of articular cartilage and supplies chondrocytes with nutrients

43
Q

T/F: synovial fluid is viscous

A

true: viscosity changes during movement- rapid movement= dec viscosity

44
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage?

A

distributes contact pressure to subchondral bone

45
Q

what is the structure of articular cartilage?

A 
superficial zone 
middle zone 
deep zone
calcified zone
- made up of chondrocytes
46
Q

which is the most common type of articular cartilage?

A

hyaline

47
Q

which cartilage is sponge like and has extra-cellular membrane (water, T2 collagen, proteoglycans)?

A

hyaline

48
Q

extracellular matrix is synthesised by which cells?

A

chondrocytes

49
Q

what is responsible for the breakdown of extracellular matrix?

A

IL 1 & TNF-a

50
Q

what 2 features can be used in a synovial tap to detect degradation?

A
  1. serum and synovial keratin sulphate

2. T2 collagen in synovial fluid

51
Q

describe the innervation of muscle with reference to the NMJ…

A

a-motor neurones divide into unmyelinated branches to reach individual muscle fibres > then further divide into fn branches > these end at terminal bouton which synapses with muscle membrane (NMJ)

52
Q

NMJ transmission…

A
  1. Ach synthesised in cytoplasm of bouton (choline + acetyl CoA)
  2. ach uptake into vesicles for storage
  3. Ca++ dependent release of Ach into synaptic cleft
  4. Ach binds to nicotinic Ach receptors opening gates causing Na+ influx and K+ efflux
  5. once certain no of gates opened end plate potential reached and triggers AP
  6. AP propagates over sarcolemma and down t-tubules causing Ca++ release switching on cross-bridge formation and contraction occurs
53
Q

how does NMJ transmission terminate?

A

hydrolysis of Ach by acetylcholinesterase

MSK (26 decks)

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