Physiology

Question 1

Nuclei of the V nerve

Answer 1

• chief sensory-mechanosensation
• mesencephalic-proprioception
• spinal trigemal-pain/proprioception

Question 2

divisons of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminus

Answer 2

• pars oralis- for reflexes/localization of pain
• pars interpolaris- correction of movements
• pars caudalis - arousal of brain

Question 3

the external ear is innervated by

Answer 3

V3, XII, IX, X, VII, C2/C3

Question 4

the middle ear is innervated by

Answer 4

IX X

Question 5

supratentorium pain is carried by

Answer 5

V1

Question 6

infratentorium pain is carried by

Answer 6

cervical nerves

Question 7

triptans are

Answer 7

5-HT1B agonist/1D receptors. They are vasoconstrictors

Question 8

calcitonin gene related peptide is x during migraine

Answer 8

increased (so its more effective to target 1F 5-HT receptors to control migraine)

Question 9

where do branches of V exit the skull

Answer 9

v1- superior orbital fissure
v2- foramen rotundum
v3- foramen ovale

Question 10

spiral/corti’s ganglion is for which CN

Answer 10

VIII

Question 11

posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by

Answer 11

IX

Question 12

the periodontal ligament sends fibers to which nucleus

Answer 12

mesencephalic

Question 13

presbyopia is? What vision does it affect more?

Answer 13

the loss of elasticity of the lens occurring with age. Near vision is more affected

Question 14

astigmatism is? It is corrected with what kind of len?

Answer 14

is when the eye has 2 focal points, and fix with a cylindrical lens

Question 15

if the pupil is wide what is your DOF?

Answer 15

it is shallow (no sharp corners/details)

Question 16

deutranopia? tritanopia? protanopia?

Answer 16

• no green opsin
• no blue opsin
• no red opsin

Question 17

superior colliculus and vision

Answer 17

for localisation of sound, and to direct head/eye movements.

Question 18

tectum and vision

Answer 18

for contraction of pupil and iris accomodation

Question 19

depth perception is understood by

Answer 19

• familiar size
• occlusion
• linear perspective

Question 20

presbycusis is?

Answer 20

age related hair loss in inner ear. There are 3 types (neuronal, sensory and metabolic). This affects high pitch frequencies more

Question 21

inability to taste is

Answer 21

hypo/aguesia

Question 22

what information do zero disparity cells receive? What are the other cells?

Answer 22

images from the same points on the 2 retinas.

Biocular disparity cells

Question 23

PPV last for? It is due to?

Answer 23

seconds. Due to displacement of otolith organs into semicircular canals. head movements trigger it

Question 24

meniere’s symptoms last for? It is due to?

Answer 24

there are recurrent episodes lasting hours. Due to increase in endolymph

Question 25

vestibular neuritis is

Answer 25

sudden monolateral loss of VIII function due to viral infection/vascular disease/trauma. This is usually a single episode

Question 26

deiters nucleus is for

Answer 26

fibers from the semicircular canals and otolith

→ lateral vestibulospinal tract (mainly with postural reflexes)

Question 27

EW nucleus is?

Answer 27

parasympathetic control of sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle

Question 28

vestibulo ocular reflex is

Answer 28

co ordinate eye movements due to changes in head position

Question 29

opto kinetic reflex is

Answer 29

smooth pursuit and saccade return

Question 30

sound intensity vs loudness

Answer 30

Sound intensity is the amount of energy carried by sound whereas loudness is a measurement of the audible sound.

Question 31

the oral phase of swallowing involves what nerves

Answer 31

V IX

Question 32

esophageal phase use what muscles

Answer 32

bulbar

Question 33

what muscle is involved in inspiration

Answer 33

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 34

what muscle is involved in expiration

Answer 34

thyroarytenoid and the cricothyroid

Question 35

the laryngeal adductor reflex is

Answer 35

rapid activation of thyroarytenoid muscle, closing the glottis
in response to activation of mechanoreceptors of the laryngeal mucosa

Question 36

the pharyngo-glottal reflex is

Answer 36

rapid closure of the glottis in response to stimulation of mechanoreceptors
of the posterior wall of the pharynx (glossopharygeal nerve)