Dysphonia, Dysphagia, Dyspnea Flashcards
level of larynx according to vertebrae
C3-C6
list cartilages and bones of larynx
hyoid bone, cricoid c, thyroid c, arytenoid c, epiglottic c
list ligaments and membranes of larynx (4)
thyro-epiglottic, thyro-hyoid, crico-thyroid, crico-tracheal
which muscles move larynx superiorly and inferiorly
the supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid muscles, and stylopharyngeus
laryngeal intrinsic muscles
oblique arytenoids, transverse arytenoids, posterior crico-arytenoids, crico-thyroid, lateral crico-arytenoid, thyro-arytenoid
all intrinsic muscles of larynx are innervated by? Is there an exception?
by inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve). the Cricothyroid is innervated by an external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
what kind of speech is the cricothyroid important for and why
for forced speech, because it tenses the vocal ligaments
what kind of speech is the thyroarytenoid important for
soft speech, it relaxes the vocal ligament.
functions of the posterior crico-arytenoids
abductors of the vocal chords
function of lateral crico-arytenoids
adductors of vocal chords, for modulation of the tone and volume of speech
function of transverse and oblique arytenoids
adduct the arytenoid cartilages, to narrow the laryngeal inlet
vascularization of the larynx
laryngeal artery, branch of superior thyroid artery
innervation of the larynx
left recurrent nerve, right recurrent nerve, inferior and superior laryngeal nerves (Vagus)
odynophagia is
painful swallowing
dysphagia is
difficulty swallowing (no pain)
acute inflammations causing these symptoms are
croup, epiglottitis, chondritis, laryngeal edema
cysts in what area of the larynx are most common
supraglottic (subglottic are RARE). Remove with transoral laser surgery
where does a laryngocele occur, and to who, and what is it
in the supraglottic region, to glass blowers+severe cought+trumpet blowers, it is dilation of laryngeal ventricular saccule
Pathologies causing these symptoms?
cysts, laryngeal papillomatosis (HPV 6,11), laryngocele, nodule, polyps, laryngeal palsy, retention cysts (pseudocysts)
vocal ligament is made by
free upper edge of cricothyroid ligament
imaging for larynx is
CT/MRI with contrast (staging/laryngeal palsy), rigid/flexible endoscopy
treatment of adult epiglottitis
steroid, antibiotics (2 and 3 cephalosporins). Severe/rare use intubation/tracheotomy
rare forms of layngitis causing chronic inflammation are
syphilis, sarcoidosis, mycosis, TB
what is the laryngeal ventricle
is a slit like, mucosa-lined, space located between the true and false vocal cords
define hyperkeratotic lesion
single well delimited outgrowth on large
implantation base, thick layer of superficial keratin
, stromal chronic inflammatory infiltration
what is laryngeal papillomatosis
rare. exophytic wart like lesion. treat with TLM (CO2 surgery)
treatment for polyps is? Treatment for nodules is?
polyps=surgery
nodules=vocal rehab NOT SURGERY
What are nodules
bilateral and symmetric increased vocal chord thickness
laryngeal cancer occurs between what ages
45-70
how to calculate pack years
cigarettes/days multiplied by #of years/20
pachydermia
epithelial thickening
leukoplakia
white lesion and epithelial thickening
erythroplakia
red lesion, erosion and atrophy of epithelium
do you treat precancerous lesions
yes with TLM
what is the most common site of origin of the malignant laryngeal tumors
glottic region (58%)
supraglottic (40%)
subglottic (2%)
absolute contraindications of TLM surgery
- massive pre-epiglottic space invasion
- extralaryngeal extension
- subglottic tumor
- (lung and hearth diseases)
when to do TLM surgery
supraglottic tumors T1,T2
glottic tumors T1,T2
