Dysphonia, Dysphagia, Dyspnea

Question 1

level of larynx according to vertebrae

Answer 1

C3-C6

Question 2

list cartilages and bones of larynx

Answer 2

hyoid bone, cricoid c, thyroid c, arytenoid c, epiglottic c

Question 3

list ligaments and membranes of larynx (4)

Answer 3

thyro-epiglottic, thyro-hyoid, crico-thyroid, crico-tracheal

Question 4

which muscles move larynx superiorly and inferiorly

Answer 4

the supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid muscles, and stylopharyngeus

Question 5

laryngeal intrinsic muscles

Answer 5

oblique arytenoids, transverse arytenoids, posterior crico-arytenoids, crico-thyroid, lateral crico-arytenoid, thyro-arytenoid

Question 6

all intrinsic muscles of larynx are innervated by? Is there an exception?

Answer 6

by inferior laryngeal nerve (terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve). the Cricothyroid is innervated by an external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Question 7

what kind of speech is the cricothyroid important for and why

Answer 7

for forced speech, because it tenses the vocal ligaments

Question 8

what kind of speech is the thyroarytenoid important for

Answer 8

soft speech, it relaxes the vocal ligament.

Question 9

functions of the posterior crico-arytenoids

Answer 9

abductors of the vocal chords

Question 10

function of lateral crico-arytenoids

Answer 10

adductors of vocal chords, for modulation of the tone and volume of speech

Question 11

function of transverse and oblique arytenoids

Answer 11

adduct the arytenoid cartilages, to narrow the laryngeal inlet

Question 12

vascularization of the larynx

Answer 12

laryngeal artery, branch of superior thyroid artery

Question 13

innervation of the larynx

Answer 13

left recurrent nerve, right recurrent nerve, inferior and superior laryngeal nerves (Vagus)

Question 14

odynophagia is

Answer 14

painful swallowing

Question 15

dysphagia is

Answer 15

difficulty swallowing (no pain)

Question 16

acute inflammations causing these symptoms are

Answer 16

croup, epiglottitis, chondritis, laryngeal edema

Question 17

cysts in what area of the larynx are most common

Answer 17

supraglottic (subglottic are RARE). Remove with transoral laser surgery

Question 18

where does a laryngocele occur, and to who, and what is it

Answer 18

in the supraglottic region, to glass blowers+severe cought+trumpet blowers, it is dilation of laryngeal ventricular saccule

Question 19

Pathologies causing these symptoms?

Answer 19

cysts, laryngeal papillomatosis (HPV 6,11), laryngocele, nodule, polyps, laryngeal palsy, retention cysts (pseudocysts)

Question 20

vocal ligament is made by

Answer 20

free upper edge of cricothyroid ligament

Question 21

imaging for larynx is

Answer 21

CT/MRI with contrast (staging/laryngeal palsy), rigid/flexible endoscopy

Question 22

treatment of adult epiglottitis

Answer 22

steroid, antibiotics (2 and 3 cephalosporins). Severe/rare use intubation/tracheotomy

Question 23

rare forms of layngitis causing chronic inflammation are

Answer 23

syphilis, sarcoidosis, mycosis, TB

Question 24

what is the laryngeal ventricle

Answer 24

is a slit like, mucosa-lined, space located between the true and false vocal cords

Question 25

define hyperkeratotic lesion

Answer 25

single well delimited outgrowth on large
implantation base, thick layer of superficial keratin
, stromal chronic inflammatory infiltration

Question 26

what is laryngeal papillomatosis

Answer 26

rare. exophytic wart like lesion. treat with TLM (CO2 surgery)

Question 27

treatment for polyps is? Treatment for nodules is?

Answer 27

polyps=surgery

nodules=vocal rehab NOT SURGERY

Question 28

What are nodules

Answer 28

bilateral and symmetric increased vocal chord thickness

Question 29

laryngeal cancer occurs between what ages

Answer 29

45-70

Question 30

how to calculate pack years

Answer 30

cigarettes/days multiplied by #of years/20

Question 31

pachydermia

Answer 31

epithelial thickening

Question 32

leukoplakia

Answer 32

white lesion and epithelial thickening

Question 33

erythroplakia

Answer 33

red lesion, erosion and atrophy of epithelium

Question 34

do you treat precancerous lesions

Answer 34

yes with TLM

Question 35

what is the most common site of origin of the malignant laryngeal tumors

Answer 35

glottic region (58%)
supraglottic (40%)
subglottic (2%)

Question 36

absolute contraindications of TLM surgery

Answer 36

• massive pre-epiglottic space invasion
• extralaryngeal extension
• subglottic tumor
• (lung and hearth diseases)

Question 37

when to do TLM surgery

Answer 37

supraglottic tumors T1,T2

glottic tumors T1,T2