Dental All Flashcards
baby teeth are called
primary or deciduous
adult teeth are called
permanent or succedaneous
universal notation system explained
adult teeth are # (start with right molar, incisor is 8). Baby teeth are letters (start with right molar, maxillary incisor is E)
explain tooth numbering system (FDI)
section then tooth #. Primary teeth 5,6,7,8. Adult teeth 1,2,3,4. central incisor is #1
what is the tooth bud primordia
oral ectoderm and neural crest derived ectomesenchymal cells
what is primary teeth exfoliation
when permanent tooth crown stimulates resorption of primary tooth root. And eventually the deciduous tooth falls out.
when do teeth erupt
after the crown and part of the root are formed (you need the root part so something can push the crown up)
tooth dates
by 8 months your first tooth should come in, by 2.5 you should have all deciduous teeth. By 6 they should start falling out. By 12 you should have no more deciduous teeth. By 13 (21 for 3 molar) you should have all succedendous teeth
crown and root are separated by? The tooth is connected to gingiva by?
cemento-enamel junction.
cementum an periodontal ligament
what is cementum
Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament
enamel is
acellular, formed by ameloblasts. Not 100% water proof
dentin is
mineralised CT, made of odontoblasts. Divided into EC dentin (mineralised ECM) and functional dentin (has predentin and odontoblasts)
main function of the pulp chamber is
to form dentin (it can do this because there are odontoblasts in the pulp)
anatomical parts of posterior teeth? Of anterior teeth?
cusp, fossa, sulcus.
cingulum, lingual fossa, incisal margin
periodontal complex components are
gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cementum, alveolar bone
what is the mucogingival margin
area where mobile mucosa of oral cavity becomes fixed and attached to gingiva
when is a gingival sulcus pathological
when >3mm
oral epithelium
keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium
where is junctional epithelium
is the contact point between the gingiva and the tooth. It is continuously renewed. The size of cells, the ICS are higher than those of oral epithelium, while the # of desmosomes are lower than the oral epithelium
oral mucosa is made of
consist of 1) the masticatory mucosa which includes the gingiva and the covering of
the hard palate, 2) the specialized mucosa which covers the dorsum of the tongue, 3) the remaining
part, called the lining mucosa
T/F there is no mucogingival line in the palate
True
sulcular epithelium
faces the tooth and is not in contact with the tooth
types of fibers in periodontal ligament
alveolar crest horizontal oblique apical Note that there are sharpeys fibers at the ends.
three kinds of cementum (cementocytes)
acellular extrinsic fiber.
Cellular mixed stratified.
Cellular intrinsic fiber
radiolucency in a tooth is a sign of
infection (periapical lesion/granuloma - chronic inflammation at apex of non vital tooth)
T/F dental caries are a sign of disease and are not the pathology themselves
T
what is the opposite of a biofilm of bacteria
a planktonic form
where is plaque deposition common?
in the space between teeth
bacteria in plaque formation
S. mutans and Lactobacillus
explain demineralisation/decalsification of enamel
the plaque attaches to tooth, lowers Ph, attracts Ca ions from enamel. Causes tooth to become opaque and white. (RECALL that plaque adhering to teeth lowers the buffering quality of saliva)
DMFT system
Decay (ed teeth)
Missing teeth
Filled teeth
Teeth left in mouth
how does dentin react to caries
produces protective tertiary dentin
treatments of dental caries
either restore dental pulp or replace dental pulp
complications of dental caries
pain with pulpitis, and swelling when bacteria invade alveolar bone
list stages of periodontal disease
gingivitis then chronic periodontitis (loss of gingiva, bone, ligament, and tooth loss)
bacteria in periodontal diseases
A.actininomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis
define dysbiosis
microbial imbalance between the healthy and diseased mouth
types of dental plaques
- uncalcified
- calcified
- supragingival
4 theories of dental carie formation
- specific plaque hypothesis
- non specific plaque hypothesis
- ecological plaque hypothesis
- extended caries ecological hypothesis
whats an impacted tooth
a tooth that fails to erupt into dental arches at the right time
agenesis definition and subcaegories
teeth missing due to a developmental failure. Hypodontia, Oligodontia, anodontia
define dentigerous cysts
Dentigerous cysts are the second most common type of odontogenic cyst, which is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the jaw bone and soft tissue. They form over the top of an unerupted tooth, or partially erupted tooth, usually one of your molars or canines.
why would a tooth be impacted?
obstacle in eruption path or ectopic position of tooth
6 causes of impacted teeth
- retention of ankylosed teeth (permanent tooth doesnt cause primary tooth root to dissolve, instead the perm tooth grows lingually)
- displacement of adjacent teeth due to small jaw
- odontogenic cysts or tumors
- hamartomas ( overgrowth of cells developing into compound odontoma (small pieces of teeth) or complex odontoma (disorganised mass of dental cells)
- supernumery teeth
- variable radicular anatomy
three kinds of pulpitis and their treatments
- reversible pulpitis: ow when cold. Treat w/ desensitization liquid or filling the cavity
- irreversible pulpitis: ow to hot+cold, with uncontrolled inflammation
- necrosis: no sensitivity, periapical lesion forms, apex becomes swollen and there is pain upon percussion
what is endodontic surgery
apex of tooth is cut and part of root is removed and sealed.
what is alveolar osteitis
dry socket due to dissolution of blood clot due to bacterial invasion
common antibiotics used are
amoxicillin+clavulanic acid.
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
INR in anticoagulants and not
NORMAL INR = 0.9-1.3/ in px with thromboembolic risks it would be 2-3.5 (limit to perform surgeries)
NORMAL PT = 11-13.5 s
bisphosphates are give to cancer patients to
increase bone strength
list lesions occurring below the surface
cysts, ulcers, erosion of soft tissue, abscess
list lesions occurring above the surface
blisters, pustule, hematoma and plaque
what is tori?
non pathological exostosis (Exostosis, also called osteoma, is a benign growth of new bone on top of existing bone. It can occur in many parts of the body. When the exostosis is covered with cartilage, it’s called an osteochondroma)
angular cheilitis is? And can be due to?
when the corners of your mouth swell and become red, inflamed, and sometimes scaly. Many different factors can cause a case of cheilitis, including fungal infection, various autoimmune disorders, dehydration, and excessive moisture on the corners of the mouth, VB deficiency
leukoplakia can be due to
chronic irritation, trauma, pre-malignant lesion
what is lichen plaque
a benign, chronic disease which look like patchy white lesions of characteristic pattern
of circles and Wickham’s striae, areas of erosion may be present (lichen erosivus) which has a 30%
probability of turning into a malignant tumor. These plaques are seen in 15% of px with hepatitis
candidiasis
Fungal infection, appearance is white substance
occurs in antibiotic therapy,
diabetes, xerostomia (dry mouth), and weakened immunological reactions and can be the initial clinical manifestation
seen in people with AIDS.
aphthous ulcers aka apthous stomatitis aka canker stones are
repeated benign mouth ulcers (aphters) in healthy people. Minor is <6 cases and lesions heal in a weeks
cellulitis is
a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin/soft tissue. Swelling/high fever develop, redness, pain. Can travel to eyes/brain
list the diseases of the tongue
glossitis, black hairy tongue, geographic tongue, fissured tongue, pernicious anemia
list the diseases of the soft tissues
leukoplakia, lichen plaque, candidiasis, apthous ulcers, cellulitis
glossitis is
sed to describe inflammation and changes in the topography of the tongue
black hairy tongue
caused by an imbalance in oral flora after the use of antibiotics, the filiform
papillae elongate so much they look like hair, and become stained with food and tobacco
geographic tongue
tongue has multiple areas of desquamation of the filiform papillae in irregularly demarcated areas. The smooth areas resemble a map and they heal on one border and migrate to another. This isn’t necessarily a pathology but the patterns must be monitored for changes
fissured tongue
pretty normal, the dorsum of the tongue appears to have deep fissures which
become irritated if food debris collects in them, px are advised to brush their tongues
tobacco chewers white lesions
tobacco leads to precancerous leukoplakia.
radiotherapy can cause
xerostomia, radiation caries, osteradionenecrosis
xerostomia is
low volumes of saliva, along with reduced blood supply can cause oral
infections, delay healing and make wearing dentures very difficult
radiation caries are caused by
lack of saliva
osteradionenecrosis is
necrosis of bone after radiation treatment
atypical gingivitis is
associated to HIV/AIDS. There is a bright red line along borders of free gingival margin.
hairy leukoplakia
early manifestation of AIDS. It is a filamentous white plaque, can be
unilateral or bilateral on the lateral sides or anterior of the tongue. Can also be on the buccal mucosa
kaposi sarcoma
an opportunistic infection which presents as multiple blue/black or red blotches
which are usually flat in the early stages, there is no effective tx but these lesions are one of the intraoral
lesions which are used to diagnose AIDS
leukemia in the mouth
hemorrhage, ulceration, enlargement of the gums, spongy texture, magenta coloration.
Enlargement of lymph nodes, symptoms of anemia and general bleeding is also found
ankyloglossia
short lingual frenulum that extends to apex of the tongue
list issues with the teeth (6)
- ameloblastoma (tumor made of remnants of dental lamina)
- anondontia
- supernumeray teeth
- macrodontia
- microdontia
- dens in dente
hereditary enamel hypolasia is
a type of amelogenesis imperfecta which is characterized by teeth
with crowns that are hard, glossy and cone shaped/cylindrical
hutchinsons incisors
peg shaped teeth usually caused by maternal syphilis
gemination is
an attempt of the tooth bud to divide, when unsuccessful causes an incisal notch
attritition is
normal wearing down of tooth structure during mastication
median rhomboid glossitis
a smooth, red, flat or raised nodular area on the top part (dorsum) of the middle or back of the tongue.
torus palatinus is
harmless, painless bony growth located on the roof of the mouth (the hard palate). The mass appears in the middle of the hard palate and can vary in size and shape.
what are infractions
crack lines on the enamel, doesn’t
need any tx
injuries to periodontium can be
concussions, sublocations, extrusion, lateral dislocations, intrusion,
avulsion
MAKE SURE THEY HAVE A TETNUS SHOT BEFORE/AFTER REPLANTING TOOTH
pericoronitis is
a periodontal dx which involves the third molar (wisdom tooth). If there isn’t enough
room for this tooth to erupt, the tooth can remain partially in the gum infections. Usually seen in
people in their early 20s. use radiography to check the position of the tooth and decide if it can be
removed
different preventions
Primary prevention: elimination of the cause of a disease, relies on legislation, education and healthy
behaviours such as hand washing and wearing PPE
Secondary prevention: early diagnosis of a disease which relies on screening tests, routine
examinations, and self examinations
Tertiary prevention: therapy. Occurs when the disease is already in its course and works to reduce
symptoms and improve the quality of life
spillover infections
transmission from a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence to a novel
host population
dental flurosis
developmental disturbance of enamel when a child is overexposed to fluoride
before 6 years of age and develops in stages:
Questionable fluorosis: translucency on the tooth surface
Very mild form: opaque small whitish areas are visible on <25% of the tooth surface
Mild forms: <50% of the tooth surface is affected but brown stains are visible
Severe form: brown stains are very evident and the teeth are corroded so much that
their shape has changed
when do you give antibiotics
In case of acute odontogenic/non-odontogenic infections
Prophylaxis against focal infections in at risk px
In case of needing to perform an invasive procedure, prophylaxis is needed
