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Head and Neck > Dental All > Flashcards

Dental All Flashcards

1
Q

baby teeth are called

A

primary or deciduous

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2
Q

adult teeth are called

A

permanent or succedaneous

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3
Q

universal notation system explained

A

adult teeth are # (start with right molar, incisor is 8). Baby teeth are letters (start with right molar, maxillary incisor is E)

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4
Q

explain tooth numbering system (FDI)

A

section then tooth #. Primary teeth 5,6,7,8. Adult teeth 1,2,3,4. central incisor is #1

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5
Q

what is the tooth bud primordia

A

oral ectoderm and neural crest derived ectomesenchymal cells

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6
Q

what is primary teeth exfoliation

A

when permanent tooth crown stimulates resorption of primary tooth root. And eventually the deciduous tooth falls out.

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7
Q

when do teeth erupt

A

after the crown and part of the root are formed (you need the root part so something can push the crown up)

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8
Q

tooth dates

A

by 8 months your first tooth should come in, by 2.5 you should have all deciduous teeth. By 6 they should start falling out. By 12 you should have no more deciduous teeth. By 13 (21 for 3 molar) you should have all succedendous teeth

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9
Q

crown and root are separated by? The tooth is connected to gingiva by?

A

cemento-enamel junction.

cementum an periodontal ligament

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10
Q

what is cementum

A

Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament

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11
Q

enamel is

A

acellular, formed by ameloblasts. Not 100% water proof

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12
Q

dentin is

A

mineralised CT, made of odontoblasts. Divided into EC dentin (mineralised ECM) and functional dentin (has predentin and odontoblasts)

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13
Q

main function of the pulp chamber is

A

to form dentin (it can do this because there are odontoblasts in the pulp)

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14
Q

anatomical parts of posterior teeth? Of anterior teeth?

A

cusp, fossa, sulcus.

cingulum, lingual fossa, incisal margin

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15
Q

periodontal complex components are

A

gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cementum, alveolar bone

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16
Q

what is the mucogingival margin

A

area where mobile mucosa of oral cavity becomes fixed and attached to gingiva

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17
Q

when is a gingival sulcus pathological

A

when >3mm

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18
Q

oral epithelium

A

keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium

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19
Q

where is junctional epithelium

A

is the contact point between the gingiva and the tooth. It is continuously renewed. The size of cells, the ICS are higher than those of oral epithelium, while the # of desmosomes are lower than the oral epithelium

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20
Q

oral mucosa is made of

A

consist of 1) the masticatory mucosa which includes the gingiva and the covering of
the hard palate, 2) the specialized mucosa which covers the dorsum of the tongue, 3) the remaining
part, called the lining mucosa

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21
Q

T/F there is no mucogingival line in the palate

A

True

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22
Q

sulcular epithelium

A

faces the tooth and is not in contact with the tooth

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23
Q

types of fibers in periodontal ligament

A 
alveolar crest
horizontal
oblique
apical
Note that there are sharpeys fibers at the ends.
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24
Q

three kinds of cementum (cementocytes)

A

acellular extrinsic fiber.
Cellular mixed stratified.
Cellular intrinsic fiber

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25
Q

radiolucency in a tooth is a sign of

A

infection (periapical lesion/granuloma - chronic inflammation at apex of non vital tooth)

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26
Q

T/F dental caries are a sign of disease and are not the pathology themselves

A

T

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27
Q

what is the opposite of a biofilm of bacteria

A

a planktonic form

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28
Q

where is plaque deposition common?

A

in the space between teeth

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29
Q

bacteria in plaque formation

A

S. mutans and Lactobacillus

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30
Q

explain demineralisation/decalsification of enamel

A

the plaque attaches to tooth, lowers Ph, attracts Ca ions from enamel. Causes tooth to become opaque and white. (RECALL that plaque adhering to teeth lowers the buffering quality of saliva)

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31
Q

DMFT system

A

Decay (ed teeth)
Missing teeth
Filled teeth
Teeth left in mouth

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32
Q

how does dentin react to caries

A

produces protective tertiary dentin

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33
Q

treatments of dental caries

A

either restore dental pulp or replace dental pulp

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34
Q

complications of dental caries

A

pain with pulpitis, and swelling when bacteria invade alveolar bone

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35
Q

list stages of periodontal disease

A

gingivitis then chronic periodontitis (loss of gingiva, bone, ligament, and tooth loss)

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36
Q

bacteria in periodontal diseases

A

A.actininomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis

37
Q

define dysbiosis

A

microbial imbalance between the healthy and diseased mouth

38
Q

types of dental plaques

A
  • uncalcified
  • calcified
  • supragingival
39
Q

4 theories of dental carie formation

A
  • specific plaque hypothesis
  • non specific plaque hypothesis
  • ecological plaque hypothesis
  • extended caries ecological hypothesis
40
Q

whats an impacted tooth

A

a tooth that fails to erupt into dental arches at the right time

41
Q

agenesis definition and subcaegories

A

teeth missing due to a developmental failure. Hypodontia, Oligodontia, anodontia

42
Q

define dentigerous cysts

A

Dentigerous cysts are the second most common type of odontogenic cyst, which is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the jaw bone and soft tissue. They form over the top of an unerupted tooth, or partially erupted tooth, usually one of your molars or canines.

43
Q

why would a tooth be impacted?

A

obstacle in eruption path or ectopic position of tooth

44
Q

6 causes of impacted teeth

A
  • retention of ankylosed teeth (permanent tooth doesnt cause primary tooth root to dissolve, instead the perm tooth grows lingually)
  • displacement of adjacent teeth due to small jaw
  • odontogenic cysts or tumors
  • hamartomas ( overgrowth of cells developing into compound odontoma (small pieces of teeth) or complex odontoma (disorganised mass of dental cells)
  • supernumery teeth
  • variable radicular anatomy
45
Q

three kinds of pulpitis and their treatments

A
  • reversible pulpitis: ow when cold. Treat w/ desensitization liquid or filling the cavity
  • irreversible pulpitis: ow to hot+cold, with uncontrolled inflammation
  • necrosis: no sensitivity, periapical lesion forms, apex becomes swollen and there is pain upon percussion
46
Q

what is endodontic surgery

A

apex of tooth is cut and part of root is removed and sealed.

47
Q

what is alveolar osteitis

A

dry socket due to dissolution of blood clot due to bacterial invasion

48
Q

common antibiotics used are

A

amoxicillin+clavulanic acid.
Clindamycin
Metronidazole

49
Q

INR in anticoagulants and not

A

NORMAL INR = 0.9-1.3/ in px with thromboembolic risks it would be 2-3.5 (limit to perform surgeries)
NORMAL PT = 11-13.5 s

50
Q

bisphosphates are give to cancer patients to

A

increase bone strength

51
Q

list lesions occurring below the surface

A

cysts, ulcers, erosion of soft tissue, abscess

52
Q

list lesions occurring above the surface

A

blisters, pustule, hematoma and plaque

53
Q

what is tori?

A

non pathological exostosis (Exostosis, also called osteoma, is a benign growth of new bone on top of existing bone. It can occur in many parts of the body. When the exostosis is covered with cartilage, it’s called an osteochondroma)

54
Q

angular cheilitis is? And can be due to?

A

when the corners of your mouth swell and become red, inflamed, and sometimes scaly. Many different factors can cause a case of cheilitis, including fungal infection, various autoimmune disorders, dehydration, and excessive moisture on the corners of the mouth, VB deficiency

55
Q

leukoplakia can be due to

A

chronic irritation, trauma, pre-malignant lesion

56
Q

what is lichen plaque

A

a benign, chronic disease which look like patchy white lesions of characteristic pattern
of circles and Wickham’s striae, areas of erosion may be present (lichen erosivus) which has a 30%
probability of turning into a malignant tumor. These plaques are seen in 15% of px with hepatitis

57
Q

candidiasis

A

Fungal infection, appearance is white substance
occurs in antibiotic therapy,
diabetes, xerostomia (dry mouth), and weakened immunological reactions and can be the initial clinical manifestation
seen in people with AIDS.

58
Q

aphthous ulcers aka apthous stomatitis aka canker stones are

A

repeated benign mouth ulcers (aphters) in healthy people. Minor is <6 cases and lesions heal in a weeks

59
Q

cellulitis is

A

a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin/soft tissue. Swelling/high fever develop, redness, pain. Can travel to eyes/brain

60
Q

list the diseases of the tongue

A

glossitis, black hairy tongue, geographic tongue, fissured tongue, pernicious anemia

61
Q

list the diseases of the soft tissues

A

leukoplakia, lichen plaque, candidiasis, apthous ulcers, cellulitis

62
Q

glossitis is

A

sed to describe inflammation and changes in the topography of the tongue

63
Q

black hairy tongue

A

caused by an imbalance in oral flora after the use of antibiotics, the filiform
papillae elongate so much they look like hair, and become stained with food and tobacco

64
Q

geographic tongue

A

tongue has multiple areas of desquamation of the filiform papillae in irregularly demarcated areas. The smooth areas resemble a map and they heal on one border and migrate to another. This isn’t necessarily a pathology but the patterns must be monitored for changes

65
Q

fissured tongue

A

pretty normal, the dorsum of the tongue appears to have deep fissures which
become irritated if food debris collects in them, px are advised to brush their tongues

66
Q

tobacco chewers white lesions

A

tobacco leads to precancerous leukoplakia.

67
Q

radiotherapy can cause

A

xerostomia, radiation caries, osteradionenecrosis

68
Q

xerostomia is

A

low volumes of saliva, along with reduced blood supply can cause oral
infections, delay healing and make wearing dentures very difficult

69
Q

radiation caries are caused by

A

lack of saliva

70
Q

osteradionenecrosis is

A

necrosis of bone after radiation treatment

71
Q

atypical gingivitis is

A

associated to HIV/AIDS. There is a bright red line along borders of free gingival margin.

72
Q

hairy leukoplakia

A

early manifestation of AIDS. It is a filamentous white plaque, can be
unilateral or bilateral on the lateral sides or anterior of the tongue. Can also be on the buccal mucosa

73
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

an opportunistic infection which presents as multiple blue/black or red blotches
which are usually flat in the early stages, there is no effective tx but these lesions are one of the intraoral
lesions which are used to diagnose AIDS

74
Q

leukemia in the mouth

A

hemorrhage, ulceration, enlargement of the gums, spongy texture, magenta coloration.
Enlargement of lymph nodes, symptoms of anemia and general bleeding is also found

75
Q

ankyloglossia

A

short lingual frenulum that extends to apex of the tongue

76
Q

list issues with the teeth (6)

A
  • ameloblastoma (tumor made of remnants of dental lamina)
  • anondontia
  • supernumeray teeth
  • macrodontia
  • microdontia
  • dens in dente
77
Q

hereditary enamel hypolasia is

A

a type of amelogenesis imperfecta which is characterized by teeth
with crowns that are hard, glossy and cone shaped/cylindrical

78
Q

hutchinsons incisors

A

peg shaped teeth usually caused by maternal syphilis

79
Q

gemination is

A

an attempt of the tooth bud to divide, when unsuccessful causes an incisal notch

80
Q

attritition is

A

normal wearing down of tooth structure during mastication

81
Q

median rhomboid glossitis

A

a smooth, red, flat or raised nodular area on the top part (dorsum) of the middle or back of the tongue.

82
Q

torus palatinus is

A

harmless, painless bony growth located on the roof of the mouth (the hard palate). The mass appears in the middle of the hard palate and can vary in size and shape.

83
Q

what are infractions

A

crack lines on the enamel, doesn’t

need any tx

84
Q

injuries to periodontium can be

A

concussions, sublocations, extrusion, lateral dislocations, intrusion,
avulsion
MAKE SURE THEY HAVE A TETNUS SHOT BEFORE/AFTER REPLANTING TOOTH

85
Q

pericoronitis is

A

a periodontal dx which involves the third molar (wisdom tooth). If there isn’t enough
room for this tooth to erupt, the tooth can remain partially in the gum  infections. Usually seen in
people in their early 20s. use radiography to check the position of the tooth and decide if it can be
removed

86
Q

different preventions

A

Primary prevention: elimination of the cause of a disease, relies on legislation, education and healthy
behaviours such as hand washing and wearing PPE
 Secondary prevention: early diagnosis of a disease which relies on screening tests, routine
examinations, and self examinations
 Tertiary prevention: therapy. Occurs when the disease is already in its course and works to reduce
symptoms and improve the quality of life

87
Q

spillover infections

A

transmission from a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence to a novel
host population

88
Q

dental flurosis

A

developmental disturbance of enamel when a child is overexposed to fluoride
before 6 years of age and develops in stages:
 Questionable fluorosis: translucency on the tooth surface
 Very mild form: opaque small whitish areas are visible on <25% of the tooth surface
 Mild forms: <50% of the tooth surface is affected but brown stains are visible
 Severe form: brown stains are very evident and the teeth are corroded so much that
their shape has changed

89
Q

when do you give antibiotics

A

In case of acute odontogenic/non-odontogenic infections
Prophylaxis against focal infections in at risk px
In case of needing to perform an invasive procedure, prophylaxis is needed

Head and Neck (10 decks)

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