Physiology Flashcards
what type of receptors are the receptors for smell
olfactory chemoreceptors
what type of receptors are the receptors for taste
sensory chemoreceptors
what are the organs of taste
taste buds
where are the sensory receptors for taste
mainly packaged in taste buds
what is contained within a taste bud
chemoreceptor cells and support cells
name the tongue papillae
fungiform, circumvallate, foliate and filiform papillae
which tongue papillae has no taste buds
filiform
what is the lifespan of taste receptor cells
10 days, continuously replaced from basal cells
what is the afferent special sensory supply for the anterior 2/3 tongue
chorda tympani
what is the afferent special sensory supply for the posterior 1/3 tongue
CNIX
what is the afferent special sensory supply to the epiglottis/pharynx
CNX
what initiates the afferent action potential in taste
tastant binding to receptor causes depolarising receptor potential
where in the brain processes taste
cortical gustatory area
what are the 5 primary taste modalities and what causes each of them
salty NaCl sour H+ sweet glucose bitter alkaloid/poison umami AA e.g. glutamate
what are the terms for taste loss, decreased taste function and distorted taste function
ageusia
hypogeusia
dysgeusia
where are olfactory receptors located
specialised ending of renewable afferent neurons within olfactory mucosa
what cells are located in olfactory mucosa
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells & basal cells (secrete mucus)
what is the structure of an olfactory chemoreceptor
thick short dendrite & olfactory rod
what are the afferent olfactory nerves formed from
collectively from axons of olfactory receptors
how do impulses from olfactory receptors reach the brain
travel in olfactory nerve through cribriform plate of ethmoid to olfactory bulb then to olfactory tract then to olfactory area of temporal lobe
how to odorants reach olfactory receptors
In quiet breathing diffuse to receptors, when sniffing air drawn up. Attach to cilia attached to receptor cells
what are the terms for inability to smell, decreased ability to smell and altered sense of smell
anosmia
hyposmia
dysosmia
what determines the pitch and intensity of sound
frequency; pitch
amplitude; intensity
what frequencies of sound can be percieved by the human ear
20-20,000Hz
what is the organ of corti
the basilar membrane in inner ear where inner hair cells sit
what cells are responsible for transducing mechanical force to an electrical impulse in hearing
hair cells
what pneumonic is used to memorise the auditory pathway and what does it stand for
e. coli MT E eighth cranial nerve C cochlear nerve O superior olivary nucleus L lateral lemniscus I inferior colliculus M medial geniculate gyrus T superior temporal gyrus
what are the vestibular end organs
urticle, saccule, lateral, posterior & superior semicircular canals
what are the otolith organs
urticle, saccule
what is the function of the otolith organs
detect linear acceleration in regards to balance
what is the function of the semicircular canals
detect rotational movement in regards to balance
how do the otolith organs detect all directions of depolarisation/hyperpolarisation
stereocilia orientated in all directions
how are the semicircular canals orientated from each other
90° from each other
what are attached to the hair cells of the vestibular system
calcium carbonate crystals
what is the function of the eustachian tube
ventilates middle ear mucosa
what muscles control the eustachian tube
tensor & levator veli palatini open
what is scala media
endolymph
what is scala tympani
tympanic duct
what is scala vestibuli
perilymph
what fluid fills the cochlear duct
endolymph scala media
where is the cochlear duct
between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli
what is the path of wave vibrations from the middle ear
round window > scala vestibuli > cupula of cochlea > scala tympani > round window
where are the inner hairs cells
within the organ of corti; on the basilar membrane on the cochlear duct
how do the hairs cells detect vibrations
they still out into the tympanic duct and are deflected by vibrations passing through scala tympani
when do the hair cells depolarise
when they are deflected towards the longest hair
what is the vestibular ocular reflex
keeps eye movement fixed moving head
what happens when the head turns right in regards to the vestibular ocular reflex
action potentials in left ear inhibited and excited in right
what is the gram stain, shape and grouping of strep pyogenes
gram positive
cocci in chains
group A
complete beta haemolysis
what cranial nerve is derived from the first pharyngeal arch
CNV2, CNV3
what cranial nerve is derived from the second pharyngeal arch
CNVII facial
what cranial nerve is derived from the third pharyngeal
CNIX glossopharyngeal
what cranial nerve is derived from the 4th - 6th pharyngeal arch
CNX vagus
what is opportunity cost
benefit that could have been received, but gave up for another option
what is cost-effective analysis
assesses cost of diff approaches to specific objective
what unit can be calculated from cost-effective analysis
ICER incremental cost effectiveness ratio
what is cost-utility analysis
a type of cost-effective analysis where the unit is quality adjusted life years QALYs
what is cost-benefit analysis
comparing approaches where the unit is net benefit (money)
