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Y2 ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

what type of receptors are the receptors for smell

A

olfactory chemoreceptors

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2
Q

what type of receptors are the receptors for taste

A

sensory chemoreceptors

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3
Q

what are the organs of taste

A

taste buds

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4
Q

where are the sensory receptors for taste

A

mainly packaged in taste buds

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5
Q

what is contained within a taste bud

A

chemoreceptor cells and support cells

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6
Q

name the tongue papillae

A

fungiform, circumvallate, foliate and filiform papillae

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7
Q

which tongue papillae has no taste buds

A

filiform

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8
Q

what is the lifespan of taste receptor cells

A

10 days, continuously replaced from basal cells

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9
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply for the anterior 2/3 tongue

A

chorda tympani

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10
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply for the posterior 1/3 tongue

A

CNIX

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11
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply to the epiglottis/pharynx

A

CNX

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12
Q

what initiates the afferent action potential in taste

A

tastant binding to receptor causes depolarising receptor potential

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13
Q

where in the brain processes taste

A

cortical gustatory area

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14
Q

what are the 5 primary taste modalities and what causes each of them

A 
salty NaCl
sour H+
sweet glucose
bitter alkaloid/poison
umami AA e.g. glutamate
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15
Q

what are the terms for taste loss, decreased taste function and distorted taste function

A

ageusia
hypogeusia
dysgeusia

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16
Q

where are olfactory receptors located

A

specialised ending of renewable afferent neurons within olfactory mucosa

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17
Q

what cells are located in olfactory mucosa

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells & basal cells (secrete mucus)

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18
Q

what is the structure of an olfactory chemoreceptor

A

thick short dendrite & olfactory rod

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19
Q

what are the afferent olfactory nerves formed from

A

collectively from axons of olfactory receptors

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20
Q

how do impulses from olfactory receptors reach the brain

A

travel in olfactory nerve through cribriform plate of ethmoid to olfactory bulb then to olfactory tract then to olfactory area of temporal lobe

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21
Q

how to odorants reach olfactory receptors

A

In quiet breathing diffuse to receptors, when sniffing air drawn up. Attach to cilia attached to receptor cells

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22
Q

what are the terms for inability to smell, decreased ability to smell and altered sense of smell

A

anosmia
hyposmia
dysosmia

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23
Q

what determines the pitch and intensity of sound

Study These Flashcards
A

frequency; pitch

amplitude; intensity

24
Q

what frequencies of sound can be percieved by the human ear

25
what is the organ of corti
the basilar membrane in inner ear where inner hair cells sit
26
what cells are responsible for transducing mechanical force to an electrical impulse in hearing
hair cells
27
what pneumonic is used to memorise the auditory pathway and what does it stand for
``` e. coli MT E eighth cranial nerve C cochlear nerve O superior olivary nucleus L lateral lemniscus I inferior colliculus M medial geniculate gyrus T superior temporal gyrus ```
28
what are the vestibular end organs
urticle, saccule, lateral, posterior & superior semicircular canals
29
what are the otolith organs
urticle, saccule
30
what is the function of the otolith organs
detect linear acceleration in regards to balance
31
what is the function of the semicircular canals
detect rotational movement in regards to balance
32
how do the otolith organs detect all directions of depolarisation/hyperpolarisation
stereocilia orientated in all directions
33
how are the semicircular canals orientated from each other
90° from each other
34
what are attached to the hair cells of the vestibular system
calcium carbonate crystals
35
what is the function of the eustachian tube
ventilates middle ear mucosa
36
what muscles control the eustachian tube
tensor & levator veli palatini open
37
what is scala media
endolymph
38
what is scala tympani
tympanic duct
39
what is scala vestibuli
perilymph
40
what fluid fills the cochlear duct
endolymph scala media
41
where is the cochlear duct
between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli
42
what is the path of wave vibrations from the middle ear
round window > scala vestibuli > cupula of cochlea > scala tympani > round window
43
where are the inner hairs cells
within the organ of corti; on the basilar membrane on the cochlear duct
44
how do the hairs cells detect vibrations
they still out into the tympanic duct and are deflected by vibrations passing through scala tympani
45
when do the hair cells depolarise
when they are deflected towards the longest hair
46
what is the vestibular ocular reflex
keeps eye movement fixed moving head
47
what happens when the head turns right in regards to the vestibular ocular reflex
action potentials in left ear inhibited and excited in right
48
what is the gram stain, shape and grouping of strep pyogenes
gram positive cocci in chains group A complete beta haemolysis
49
what cranial nerve is derived from the first pharyngeal arch
CNV2, CNV3
50
what cranial nerve is derived from the second pharyngeal arch
CNVII facial
51
what cranial nerve is derived from the third pharyngeal
CNIX glossopharyngeal
52
what cranial nerve is derived from the 4th - 6th pharyngeal arch
CNX vagus
53
what is opportunity cost
benefit that could have been received, but gave up for another option
54
what is cost-effective analysis
assesses cost of diff approaches to specific objective
55
what unit can be calculated from cost-effective analysis
ICER incremental cost effectiveness ratio
56
what is cost-utility analysis
a type of cost-effective analysis where the unit is quality adjusted life years QALYs
57
what is cost-benefit analysis
comparing approaches where the unit is net benefit (money)

Y2 ENT (12 decks)

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