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Y2 ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of receptors are the receptors for smell

A

olfactory chemoreceptors

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2
Q

what type of receptors are the receptors for taste

A

sensory chemoreceptors

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3
Q

what are the organs of taste

A

taste buds

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4
Q

where are the sensory receptors for taste

A

mainly packaged in taste buds

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5
Q

what is contained within a taste bud

A

chemoreceptor cells and support cells

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6
Q

name the tongue papillae

A

fungiform, circumvallate, foliate and filiform papillae

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7
Q

which tongue papillae has no taste buds

A

filiform

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8
Q

what is the lifespan of taste receptor cells

A

10 days, continuously replaced from basal cells

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9
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply for the anterior 2/3 tongue

A

chorda tympani

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10
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply for the posterior 1/3 tongue

A

CNIX

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11
Q

what is the afferent special sensory supply to the epiglottis/pharynx

A

CNX

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12
Q

what initiates the afferent action potential in taste

A

tastant binding to receptor causes depolarising receptor potential

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13
Q

where in the brain processes taste

A

cortical gustatory area

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14
Q

what are the 5 primary taste modalities and what causes each of them

A 
salty NaCl
sour H+
sweet glucose
bitter alkaloid/poison
umami AA e.g. glutamate
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15
Q

what are the terms for taste loss, decreased taste function and distorted taste function

A

ageusia
hypogeusia
dysgeusia

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16
Q

where are olfactory receptors located

A

specialised ending of renewable afferent neurons within olfactory mucosa

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17
Q

what cells are located in olfactory mucosa

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells & basal cells (secrete mucus)

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18
Q

what is the structure of an olfactory chemoreceptor

A

thick short dendrite & olfactory rod

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19
Q

what are the afferent olfactory nerves formed from

A

collectively from axons of olfactory receptors

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20
Q

how do impulses from olfactory receptors reach the brain

A

travel in olfactory nerve through cribriform plate of ethmoid to olfactory bulb then to olfactory tract then to olfactory area of temporal lobe

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21
Q

how to odorants reach olfactory receptors

A

In quiet breathing diffuse to receptors, when sniffing air drawn up. Attach to cilia attached to receptor cells

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22
Q

what are the terms for inability to smell, decreased ability to smell and altered sense of smell

A

anosmia
hyposmia
dysosmia

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23
Q

what determines the pitch and intensity of sound

A

frequency; pitch

amplitude; intensity

24
Q

what frequencies of sound can be percieved by the human ear

A

20-20,000Hz

25
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

the basilar membrane in inner ear where inner hair cells sit

26
Q

what cells are responsible for transducing mechanical force to an electrical impulse in hearing

A

hair cells

27
Q

what pneumonic is used to memorise the auditory pathway and what does it stand for

A 
e. coli MT
E eighth cranial nerve
C cochlear nerve
O superior olivary nucleus
L lateral lemniscus
I inferior colliculus 
M medial geniculate gyrus
T superior temporal gyrus
28
Q

what are the vestibular end organs

A

urticle, saccule, lateral, posterior & superior semicircular canals

29
Q

what are the otolith organs

A

urticle, saccule

30
Q

what is the function of the otolith organs

A

detect linear acceleration in regards to balance

31
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals

A

detect rotational movement in regards to balance

32
Q

how do the otolith organs detect all directions of depolarisation/hyperpolarisation

A

stereocilia orientated in all directions

33
Q

how are the semicircular canals orientated from each other

A

90° from each other

34
Q

what are attached to the hair cells of the vestibular system

A

calcium carbonate crystals

35
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube

A

ventilates middle ear mucosa

36
Q

what muscles control the eustachian tube

A

tensor & levator veli palatini open

37
Q

what is scala media

A

endolymph

38
Q

what is scala tympani

A

tympanic duct

39
Q

what is scala vestibuli

A

perilymph

40
Q

what fluid fills the cochlear duct

A

endolymph scala media

41
Q

where is the cochlear duct

A

between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

42
Q

what is the path of wave vibrations from the middle ear

A

round window > scala vestibuli > cupula of cochlea > scala tympani > round window

43
Q

where are the inner hairs cells

A

within the organ of corti; on the basilar membrane on the cochlear duct

44
Q

how do the hairs cells detect vibrations

A

they still out into the tympanic duct and are deflected by vibrations passing through scala tympani

45
Q

when do the hair cells depolarise

A

when they are deflected towards the longest hair

46
Q

what is the vestibular ocular reflex

A

keeps eye movement fixed moving head

47
Q

what happens when the head turns right in regards to the vestibular ocular reflex

A

action potentials in left ear inhibited and excited in right

48
Q

what is the gram stain, shape and grouping of strep pyogenes

A

gram positive
cocci in chains
group A
complete beta haemolysis

49
Q

what cranial nerve is derived from the first pharyngeal arch

A

CNV2, CNV3

50
Q

what cranial nerve is derived from the second pharyngeal arch

A

CNVII facial

51
Q

what cranial nerve is derived from the third pharyngeal

A

CNIX glossopharyngeal

52
Q

what cranial nerve is derived from the 4th - 6th pharyngeal arch

A

CNX vagus

53
Q

what is opportunity cost

A

benefit that could have been received, but gave up for another option

54
Q

what is cost-effective analysis

A

assesses cost of diff approaches to specific objective

55
Q

what unit can be calculated from cost-effective analysis

A

ICER incremental cost effectiveness ratio

56
Q

what is cost-utility analysis

A

a type of cost-effective analysis where the unit is quality adjusted life years QALYs

57
Q

what is cost-benefit analysis

A

comparing approaches where the unit is net benefit (money)

Y2 ENT (12 decks)

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