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Y2 ENT > Nose Conditions > Flashcards

Nose Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what conditions are assocciated with nasal polyps

A

allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, non-allergic asthma, aspirin allergy, CF

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2
Q

what is the presentation of a nasal polyp

A

congested, discharge, sneezing, snoring, not painful

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3
Q

what is the management of a nasal polyp

A

TOP CCS betamethasone, if fails surgical removal ESS

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4
Q

what benign lesion can affect the nasal vestibule

A

squamous papilloma

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5
Q

what is the commonest malignant lesion of the nose

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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6
Q

what type of cancer is nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

what are risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

epstein barr virus infection

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8
Q

how is EBV linked to malignancy

A

subclinical infection, infects epithelial cells (NPC) & B cells (lymphomas)

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9
Q

what must be done on examination of a suspected nasal fracture

A

look up nose to check fro boggy septal haematoma

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10
Q

how is a nasal fracture diagnosed

A

clinically; deviation/ cosmesis. no XR

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11
Q

what is the management of a nasal fracture

A

nothing/MUA

review at ENT clinic 1wk later

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12
Q

what are complications of a nasal fracture

A

epistaxis
CSF leak
meningitis
anosmia

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13
Q

what is the management of epistaxis in a nasal fracture

A

pressure, vasoconstrictor, adrenaline, co-phenylcaine

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14
Q

what vessel is most likely to be causing epistaxis in a nasal fracture

A

anterior ethmoidal

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15
Q

what is battle sign

A

bruising behind ear in temporal bone fracture

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16
Q

how are temporal bone fractures classified

A

if spare or involve the otic capsule

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17
Q

are longitudinal or transverse temporal bone fractures more common

A

longitudinal

18
Q

what are complications of temporal bone fractures

A

ossicle disruption, CHL, SNHL, VII palsy, CSF leak

19
Q

where is a le fort 1 fracture

A

horizontal above teeth

20
Q

where is a le fort 2 fracture

A

pyramidal, through nasal bridge, maxilla frontal process, lacrimal, inferior orbital floor, zygoma, pterygomaxillary fissure, pterygoid plates

21
Q

where is a le fort 3 fracture

A

transverse, craniofacial disjunction

22
Q

what is the risk in cribriform plate fracture in le fort 2 and 3

A

infection spreads form nose/sinus to cranium

23
Q

investigations of facial trauma (suspected fracture)

A

CT and C spine XR

24
Q

what is the cause of acute sinusitis

A

nasopharynx organism spread to sinus

25
Q

which sinus is most commonly affected by sinusitis and why

A

maxillary since drains against gravity

26
Q

why are the cold and smoking risk factors for sinusitis

A

affect cilia (their job is to waft mucus towards ostia)

27
Q

what are the common infecting organisms in acute sinusitis

A

98% viral URTI

secondary bacterial infection: s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, s. pyogenes, Moraxella

28
Q

what is the presentation of acute sinusitis

A

runny nose, discomfort on frontal/maxillary sinuses, tooth pain

29
Q

why can acute sinusitis present with tooth pain

A

referred pain from CNV1/2 shared sensory supply

30
Q

how is acute sinusitis diagnosed

A

clinical Dx

31
Q

what is the general management of acute sinusitis

A

nasal decongestant, analgesia

32
Q

when are antibiotics indicated for acute sinusitis

A

if persists longer than 10 days

33
Q

which antibiotics can be used for acute sinusitis

A

1st penicillin, 2nd doxycycline (not in child)

34
Q

what is a complication of ethmoidal sinusits

A

orbital cellulitis

35
Q

what is vasomotor rhinits

A

non-allergic

36
Q

what allergic tests are useful for allergic rhinitis

A

serum IgE, mast cells, skin prick

37
Q

what is the classification of allergic rhinits

A

intermittent or persistent

38
Q

what is intermittent rhinitis

A

symptoms <4day/wk or for <4wk

39
Q

what is persistent rhinitis

A

symptom >4day/wk + >4wk duration

40
Q

what is the management of allergic rhinitis

A

avoid allergen + antihistamine
TOP CCS
TOP CCS + antihistamine
IgE immunotherapy

Y2 ENT (12 decks)

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