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Y2 ENT > Ear & Nose Anatomy > Flashcards

Ear & Nose Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the tip of the nose called

A

apex

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2
Q

what is the upper lip to nose area called

A

philtrum

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3
Q

what is the ala of the nose

A

the wings

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4
Q

what part of the ethmoid bone makes up the nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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5
Q

what parts of the ethmoid bone form the roof of the nasal cavity

A

cribiform plate and crista galli

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6
Q

what parts of the ethmoid bone form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

superior and middle conchae, ethmoidal air cells

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7
Q

what bones contribute to the septum of the nasal cavity

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer

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8
Q

which types of le fort fractures can disrupt the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

2 and 3

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9
Q

what is the risk of disrupting the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone in a le fort fracture

A

infection can spread from nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses to anterior cranial fossa

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10
Q

what are the names of the conchae

A

superior, middle, inferior

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11
Q

what bone is the superior concha a part of

A

ethmoid

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12
Q

what bone is the middle concha a part of

A

ethmoid

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13
Q

what bone is the inferior concha a part of

A

its own bone!

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14
Q

what type of cartilage is in the nasal septum

A

hyaline

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15
Q

what type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nose

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

what type of epithelium lines the majority of the nasal cavities

A

respiratory epithelium

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17
Q

what type of epithelium lines the superior aspect of the nasal cavity and is responsible for smell

A

olfactory mucosa

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18
Q

what type of nerve is CNI

A

special sensory

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19
Q

where does CNI pass through the base of the skull

A

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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20
Q

where are receptor cells located for smelling

A

in olfactory mucosa

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21
Q

where does the olfactory tract end

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

what nerve is responsible for sensation of the nasal cavity

A

CNV1 anterosuperiorly

CNV2 posteroinferiorly

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23
Q

what branch of the inner carotid artery supplies the nose

A

ophthalmic

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24
Q

what branches of the external carotid artery supply the nose

A

facial and maxillary

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25
Q

what branches of the ophthalmic artery supply the nasal cavities

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

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26
Q

what branches of the maxillary artery supply the nasal cavities

A

sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries

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27
Q

what branches of the facial artery supply the nasal cavities

A

lateral nasal branch or septal branch of superior labial artery

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28
Q

what is Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) area

A

arterial anastomosis on nasal septum

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29
Q

what is the clinical significance of kiesselbach’s area

A

common site of epistaxis

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30
Q

what are the meatuses

A

spaces under each concha

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31
Q

name the meatuses

A

sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus

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32
Q

what is the sensory supply to the inferior nasal concha

A

CN V2

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33
Q

where does the eustachian tube open onto the pharynx

A

lateral wall of nasopharynx

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34
Q

how to confirm placement of a NG tube

A

x-ray; tip of NG below diaphragm & 10cm beyond GOJ

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35
Q

what is the name of the small hairs in the nasal cavities

A

vibrissae

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36
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled spaces within bones

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37
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses

A

mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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38
Q

what are the names of the paranasal sinuses

A

x2 frontal sinuses
x2 maxillary sinuses
x2 sets ethmoidal air cells
x2 sphenoidal sinuses

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39
Q

where does the frontal sinus drain to

A

middle meatus

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40
Q

where do ethmoidal air cells drain to

A

superior and middle meatuses

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41
Q

where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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42
Q

where does the maxillary sinus drain into

A

middle meatus

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43
Q

what is sinusitis

A

paranasal sinus mucosa inflam

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44
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the sinuses

A

CN V1 and V2

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45
Q

where might pain be referred to in sinusitis

A

teeth

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46
Q

which sinus is most predisposed to inflammation and why

A

maxillary sinus since mucous has to drain against gravity

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47
Q

what is the thinnest part of skull

A

pterion

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48
Q

what bones contribute to the pterion

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

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49
Q

what shape is the pterion

A

letter H

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50
Q

what are the two parts of the temporal bone and which is more superior/inferior

A

superior squamous part, inferior petrous part

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51
Q

what processes are part of the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

zygomatic, styloid, mastoid

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52
Q

what are the names of the cranial fossas

A

anterior, middle, posterior

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53
Q

how is the base of the skull divided

A

into cranial fossae

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54
Q

what bones contribute to the anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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55
Q

what bones contribute to the middle cranial fossa

A

sphenoid, temporal

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56
Q

what bones contribute to the posterior cranial fossa

A

temporal, occipital

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57
Q

how does CNI pass through the base of the skull

A

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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58
Q

how does CNII pass through the base of the skull

A

optic canal of sphenoid

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59
Q

how does CNIII pass through the base of the skull

A

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

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60
Q

how does CNIV pass through the base of the skull

A

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

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61
Q

how does CNV1 pass through the base of the skull

A

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

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62
Q

how does CNV2 pass through the base of the skull

A

foramen rotundum

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63
Q

how does CNV3 pass through the base of the skull

A

foramen ovale

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64
Q

how does CNVI pass through the base of the skull

A

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

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65
Q

how does CNVII pass through the base of the skull

A

internal acoustic meatus

66
Q

how does CNVIII pass through the base of the skull

A

internal acoustic meatus

67
Q

how does CNIX pass through the base of the skull

A

jugular foramen

68
Q

how does CNX pass through the base of the skull

A

jugular foramen

69
Q

how does CNXI pass through the base of the skull

A

jugular foramen

70
Q

how does CNXII pass through the base of the skull

A

hypoglossal canal

71
Q

what parts is the ear split into

A

external, middle, internal

72
Q

where is the external ear

A

auricle to tympanic membrane

73
Q

where is the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane to oval window/ eustachian tube

74
Q

where is the internal ear

A

oval window to internal acoustic meatus

75
Q

what is the function of the external ear

A

collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

76
Q

what is the function of the middle ear

A

amplifies & conducts sound waves to the internal ear

77
Q

what is the function of the internal ear

A

converts special sensory information, conducts APs to brain

78
Q

what is the sensory supply to the ear lobe

A

C2,3 spinal nerve

79
Q

what is the sensory supply to the ear helix

A

CN VII

80
Q

what is the sensory supply to the superior external acoustic meatus

A

CN V3

81
Q

what is the sensory supply to the inferior external acoustic meatus

A

CN X

82
Q

what is the sensory supply to most of the external acoustic meatus

A

CN V3

83
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage to the lateral surface of superior half of the auricle

A

parotid lymph nodes

84
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage to the cranial surface of superior half of the auricle

A

mastoid lymph nodes

85
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage from the inferior half of the auricle

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes

86
Q

where do all of the lymph nodes for the ear eventually drain to

A

deep cervical lymph nodes in carotid sheath

87
Q

where do deep cervical lymph nodes drain to

A

thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

88
Q

what kind of cartilage forms the external ear

A

avascular elastic cartilage

89
Q

which glands produce earwax

A

ceruminous glands

90
Q

what is examined in otoscopic exam

A

EAM and tympanic membrane

91
Q

what is the most inwardly depressed part of tympanic membrane

A

umbo

92
Q

what is the thick part of the tympanic membrane posteroinferiorly

A

pars tensa

93
Q

what is the thin part of the tympanic membrane superiorly

A

pars flaccida

94
Q

what is the difference in the EAM between an adult and a child

A

short and straight in a child, curved in an adult

95
Q

sensory innervation to middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, tonsils and nasopharynx

A

CN IX glossopharyngeal

96
Q

sensory innervation to tympanic membrane external surface

A

CN V3 auriculotemporal branch

97
Q

sensory innervation to tympanic membrane internal surface

A

CN IX

98
Q

name the structure that connects the tympanic cavity to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

eustachian tube

99
Q

what are the auditory ossicles

A

3 bones of the middle ear

100
Q

what are the names of the ossicles

A

incus “anvil”
stapes “stirrup”
malleus “mallet”

101
Q

where is the tympanic cavity in relation to the tympanic membrane

A

posterior

102
Q

where is the epitympanic recess in relation to the tympanic membrane

A

superior

103
Q

what structure connects the middle and internal ear

A

oval window

104
Q

nasopharynx, oropharynx

sensory innervation

A

CN IX

105
Q

laryngopharynx sensory innervation

A

CN X

106
Q

what is the adenoid

A

pharyngeal tonsil

107
Q

where is the adenoid

A

upper aspect of nasopharynx

108
Q

what tonsil is commonly referred to as the tonsil

A

palatine tonsil

109
Q

what is the name of the structure described as the doorway into the mastoid antrum

A

aditus

110
Q

where is the aditus

A

superior aspect on epitympanic recess

111
Q

what two structures does the aditus connect

A

mastoid antrum and epitympanic recess

112
Q

what nerve travels over the superior aspect of the internal tympanic membrane

A

chorda tympanii

113
Q

what structure does the facial nerve travel through on the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity

A

facial canal

114
Q

what structure describes the bony swelling on the medial wall of the middle ear cavity

A

promontory

115
Q

what structures does the facial canal lie between

A

internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen

116
Q

where is the stylomastoid foramen in relation to the floor of the middle ear cavity

A

inferior

117
Q

how many axon modalities does the facial nerve have

A

4

118
Q

what are the axon modalities of the facial nerve

A

special sensory, sensory, motor and parasympathetic

119
Q

where does the facial nerve attach to the CNS

A

pons and medulla junction

120
Q

which cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus in

A

posterior cranial fossa

121
Q

what structures does the facial nerve pass through when leaving the base of the skull

A

internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen

122
Q

which bone is the internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen a part of

A

petrous temporal bone

123
Q

what does the chorda tympani supply

A

taste to anterior 2/3 tongue and parasympathetic to submandibular/sublingual salivary glands

124
Q

what nerves form the chorda tympani

A

CNVII and lingual nerve branch of CNV3

125
Q

which ossicle has reduced movement to protect the inner ear from excessive noise

A

stapes

126
Q

what reduces the movement of the stapes and what innervates it

A

stapedius muscle innervated by CNVII

127
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression

A

CNVII

128
Q

where do the muscles of facial expression originate

A

bone

129
Q

where do the muscles of facial expression insert

A

superficial fascia

130
Q

what muscle of facial expression is on the forehead and what direction are its fibres

A

frontalis, vertical

131
Q

what muscle of facial expression tightly closes the eyes

A

orbicularis oculi

132
Q

what muscles of facial expression are responsible for smiling

A

elevators of lips

133
Q

what muscles of facial expression are responsible for puffing out the cheeks

A

orbicularis oris

134
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression

A

frontalis, orbicularis oculi, elevators of lips, orbicularis oris

135
Q

what structure in the cheeks when lost is a sign of malnutrition

A

buccal fat pad

136
Q

what is the term for the junction of the lips and skin

A

vermilion border

137
Q

what are the names of the two parts of CNVIII

A

cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve

138
Q

which part of CNVIII is responsible for hearing

A

cochlear nerve

139
Q

which part of CNVIII is responsible for balance

A

vestibular nerve

140
Q

what part of the skull is the internal ear in

A

petrous part of temporal bone

141
Q

what is the otic capsule

A

dense body labyrinth of the inner ear

142
Q

which part of the skull is the otic capsule in

A

temporal bone

143
Q

what fluid is contained within the otic capsule

A

perilymph

144
Q

what is suspended within perilymph

A

membranous labyrinth, sacs/ducts, endolymph

145
Q

what are the names of the 3 canals in the labyrinth

A

anterior semicircular canal, lateral semicurcular canal, posterior semicircular canal

146
Q

what are the names of the windows of the labyrinth and where do the sit in relation to one another

A

oval window superior to round window

147
Q

what structure forms the medial part of the labyrinth

A

cochlea

148
Q

what are the parts of the cochlea

A

cupula apex, inner 2nd turn, outer 1st turn

149
Q

where is the cochlear duct

A

within the cochlea

150
Q

what fills the cochlear duct

A

endolymph

151
Q

what fills the semicircular ducts

A

endolymph

152
Q

where are the semicurcular ducts

A

semicircular canals

153
Q

where are the vestibular nerve action potentials

A

within semicircular ducts

154
Q

where are the cochlear nerve action potentials

A

within cochlear duct

155
Q

what part of the stirrups sits in the oval window

A

base of stirrups

156
Q

what structure dampens pressure waves in ear

A

round window

157
Q

where does CNVIII connect to the CNS

A

pons and medulla junction

158
Q

where does CNVIII leave the base of the skull

A

internal acoustic meatus

159
Q

where is a le fort fracture type 1

A

horizontal maxillary fracture

160
Q

where is a le fort fracture type 2

A

through maxilla, upper middle part through nasofrontal suture

161
Q

where is a le fort fracture type 3

A

separates cranium and face; through nasofrontal suture, through orbital wall, through zygoma

Y2 ENT (12 decks)

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