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Y2 ENT > 1st & 2nd Year Histology > Flashcards

1st & 2nd Year Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how to identify macrophage on histology

A

pale purple, big

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2
Q

how to identify lymphocyte on histology

A

well defined small purple circle, chronic inflam

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3
Q

how to identify eosinophil on histology

A

pink, large, bi-lobed nucleus (dark purple), granular

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4
Q

how to identify neutrophil on histology

A

multinucleate (purple nuclei in 3-5 segments) pink cells

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5
Q

how to identify basophil on histology

A

bi-lobed nucleus, big purple, granular

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6
Q

how to classify epithelial cells by shape

A

squamous epithelium: flat shape
columnar epithelium: square ish shape
cuboidal epithelium: column shaped

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7
Q

how to classify epithelial cells by stacking

A

simple: single layer
stratified: multiple cell layers
pseudo-stratified: appear in layers but not
transitional: between cuboidal and stratified

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8
Q

how to identify natural killer cells on histology

A

google it

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9
Q

what is a polymorph cell

A

neutrophil

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10
Q

what is the cell of acute inflammation

A

neutrophil

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11
Q

what is the cell of chronic inflammation

A

lymphocyte

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12
Q

what cell is described as being kidney bean shape

A

macrophages

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13
Q

what type of epithelium is normal skin

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

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14
Q

what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

what type of epithelium is the endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

name the type of cell junctions and functions of each

A

communicating aka gap: allow selected diffusion between cells
anchoring: for mechanical strength
tight aka occluding: join epithelial cells lateral edges

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17
Q

name the 3 types of anchoring junctions and functions of each

A

desmosome: anchor cells together in tissues that stretch
hemidesmosome: attach cell to ECM
adherens: involve actin

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18
Q

where are neutrophils produced

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

what is a monocyte

A

macrophage precursor

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20
Q

how to identify a monocyte on histology

A

dark kidney bean with pale background

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21
Q

where are lymphocytes produced

A

bone marrow

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22
Q

where do t cells differentiate

A

thymus

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23
Q

how to identify erythrocyte on histology

A

pale pink circle with paler centre, no nucleus

24
Q

what is the commonest type of leukocyte

A

neutrophil

25
Q

what are agranulocytes

A

1 lobed nucleus; lymphocyte and monocytes

26
Q

how to identify platelet on histology

A

very small, purple, no nucleus

27
Q

how are platelets formed

A

in bone marrow as extension of megakaryocyte

28
Q

what is the term for bone development

A

haemopoiesis

29
Q

what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel

A

inner tunica intima
middle tunica media
outer tunica adventitia

30
Q

what are elastic arteries

A

largest arteries in the body

31
Q

what are arterioles formed of

A

smooth muscle, only tunica media

32
Q

what are capillaries formed of

A

endothelial cells; basal lamina

33
Q

what are venules formed of

A

smooth muscle, only tunica media

34
Q

what are the valves in veins formed of

A

extension of tunica intima

35
Q

what is the thickest layer of veins

A

tunica adventitia

36
Q

what are the layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

37
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

38
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine: secrete at basal end into vascular system
exocrine: secrete at apical end into duct/body surface/lumen

39
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue

A

soft, hard, blood

40
Q

what is the process of endocytosis

A

material from ECF incorporated into cell in endocytotic vesicle (endosome)

41
Q

what is exocytosis

A

reverse process of endocytosis

42
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis & initiates glycoprotein formation

43
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

continues processing from RER, cholesterol & lipid synthesis/ detoxification

44
Q

why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough

A

studded with ribosomes

45
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

modification & packaging of vesicles from SER

46
Q

what are lysosomes

A

hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion

47
Q

what is the structure of a nucleus

A

enclosed by nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, outer membrane studded with ribosomes

48
Q

what is euchromatin

A

DNA actively undergoing transcription

49
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

condensed DNA not undergoing transcription

50
Q

where are ribosomes formed

51
Q

what are functions of the ribosome subunits

A

small subunit binds RNA, large subunit forms peptide bonds

52
Q

what is the function of tight junctions

A

join lateral edges of epithelial cells near their lumenal apical membranes

53
Q

where are gap junctions found

A

smooth & cardiac muscle

54
Q

what is the function of a desmosome

A

anchor cells together in tissues that stretch

55
Q

what is the function of a hemidesmosome

A

link submembrane cells to ECF via transmembrane proteins

56
Q

generally what kind of mucosa is where food goes or in high use areas

57
Q

generally what kind of mucosa is where air goes

Y2 ENT (12 decks)

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