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Renal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is osmolarity

A

concentration of osmotically active [articles in a solution

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2
Q

what are the units of osmolarity

A

mosmol/l

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3
Q

what 2 things are needed to work out the osmolarity

A

molar concentration and number of osmotically active particles

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4
Q

what is the equation for osmolarity

A

molar concentration x number of active molecules

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5
Q

what is tonicity

A

the effect a solution has on a cell

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6
Q

what does hypotonic solutions do to the cell

A

makes the cell burst- increases cell volume due to water rushing into cell so that the solution and cell ar ebalanced

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7
Q

What happens in a hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside cell, so water moves out of the cell to balance the solute concentration causing a shrinkage in cell volume

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8
Q

what 2 parts makes up the total body water in a human

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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9
Q

what 3 things make up the extracellular fluid

A

plasma, lymph, interstitial fluid (80%)

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10
Q

what do we use to help us measure total body fluid compartments

A

tracers

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11
Q

what tracers are used for the following 3 things: TBW, ECF, Plasam

A

TBW: 3H2O, ECF: inulin, Plasma: labelled albumin

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12
Q

what is the equation for measuring the volume of distribution

A

V (litres)= Dose (D) / Sample Concentration (C)

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13
Q

Is Na higher in ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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14
Q

Is K higher in ECF or ICF

A

ICF

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15
Q

Is Cl higher in ICF or ECF

A

ECF

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16
Q

Is HCO3 higher in ICF or ECF

A

ECF

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17
Q

what would happen to ICF if the osmotic concentration of ECF increases

A

it would decrease

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18
Q

what would happen to ICF if the osmotic concentration of ECF decreased

A

increased

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19
Q

if there was a gain or loss of isotonic fluid, would there be a change in fluid osmolarity?

A

no, only a change in ECF volume

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20
Q

why is regulation of ECF important?

A

vital for long term regulation of blood pressure

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21
Q

what ion makes up most of the osmotic concentration of ECF

A

Na

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22
Q

what is measuring K important for?

A

establishing membrane potential

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23
Q

what can small changes in K balance lead to?

A

muscle paralysis and cardiac arrest

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24
Q

what is the arterial supply (3) to the glomerulus

A

renal artery- afferent arteriole- efferent arteriole

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25
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular junction

A

when part son the proximal tubule pass between the afferent and efferent arterioles

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons called?

A

juxtamedullary and juxtacortical

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27
Q

which is more common, juxtamedullary or cortical

A

cortical

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28
Q

what is the difference between juntamedullary and cortical nephrons

A

1) loop of henle is longer and thinner in juxtamedullary

2) blood supply to the medullary loop of henle is via vasa recta

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29
Q

what is urine

A

modified filtrate of blood

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30
Q

what is the equation for rate of excretion

A

rate of filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption

31
Q

what is the equation for the rate of filtration of a substance

A

concentration of X x GFR

32
Q

what is the equation for rate of secretion

A

concentration of urine x urinary flow rate Vu

33
Q

what is the rate of reabsorption equation

A

rate of filtration- rate of excretion

34
Q

how much of the plasma is filtered into urine

A

20%

35
Q

what are 3 filtration barriers in glomerulus

A

glomerular capillary endothelium (barrier to RBC)

basement membrane (plasma protein barrier)

Slit processes of podocytes (plasma protein barrier)

36
Q

what 3 layers make up the glomerular membrane

A

endothelial cell, basement membrane, podocytes

37
Q

what is the glomerular capillary blood pressure

A

55mmHg

38
Q

what is the bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure

A

15mmHg

39
Q

what is the capillary oncotic pressure

A

30 mmHg

40
Q

what is the bowman capsule oncotic pressure

A

0mmHg

41
Q

What is GFR

A

rate at which protein free plasma is filtered from glomeruli into the bowmans capsule per unit time

42
Q

what is the equation for glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR= Kf (filtration coefficient) x net filtration pressure

43
Q

what is the normal GFR

A

125ml/min

44
Q

what is the major determinant of GFR

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

45
Q

how is GFR regulated extrinsically

A

by sympathetic control via baroreceptor reflex

46
Q

how is GFR controlled intrinsically

A

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

47
Q

if blood pressure falls, what will happen to GFR?

A

it will decrease

48
Q

what happens in myogenic autoregulation

A

if vascular smooth muscle is stretched, arterial pressure increases, the arteriole then contract and constrict

49
Q

What happens in tubuloglomerular feedback

A

involves juxtaglomerular apparatus, if GFR rises, more NaCl flows through tubule leading to constriction of afferent arterioles

50
Q

what is plasma clearance

A

a measure of how effective the kidneys can clean the blood of a substance

51
Q

what is the plasma clearance equation

A

rate of excretion/ plasma concentration OR

(urine conc of X x urine flow rate X) / conc plasma

52
Q

what substance can be used to determine GFR

A

inulin

53
Q

what is the clearance in a substance like glucose which is completely reabsorbed?

A

0

54
Q

what would the clearance look like in urea which is only partially reabsorbed

A

clearance

55
Q

what happens if clearance

A

substance reabsorbed

56
Q

what happens if clearance= GFR

A

substance neither reabsorbed or secreted

57
Q

what happens when clearance > GFR

A

substance is secreted into tubule

58
Q

what is used to measure renal plasma flow

A

para amino hippuric acid

59
Q

what is the filtration fraction

A

fraction of plasma flowing through glomeruli that gets filtered into tubules

60
Q

what is the equation for filtration fraction

A

GFR/ renal plasma flow

61
Q

roughy how much filtered fluid will reabsorb back into the proximal tubule

A

80ml/min

62
Q

what 5 things are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

sulphate, lactate, sugars, amino acids, phosphate

63
Q

what 7 things are secreted in the proximal tubule

A

H, hippurates, neurotransmitters, bile pigments, uric acid, drugs, toxins

64
Q

what type of reabsorption occurs

A

paracellular and transcellular

65
Q

what is primary active transport

A

energy is required to move the substrate and carrier against concentration gradient

66
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

carrier molecule is transported coupled to concentration gradient of an ion

67
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

passive carrier mediated transport of a substance down its concentration gradient

68
Q

what kind of reabsorption occurs at basement membrane

A

primary active transport

69
Q

what kind of reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule

A

secondary active transport

70
Q

what is reabsorbed in ascending limb of loop of henle

A

Na and Cl

71
Q

what is reabsorbed in descending limb of loop of henle

A

WATER WATER WATER

72
Q

what do loop diuretics block

A

triple transporter- Na, Cl, K

73
Q

what type of osmotic is the fluid leaving the proximal tubule?

A

iso osmotic

74
Q

what type of osmotic enters the distal tubule

A

hypo osmotic

Renal (18 decks)

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