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Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is agenesis

A

absence of one or both kidneys

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2
Q

what is hypoplasia

A

small kidneys but normal development

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3
Q

what is a horse shoe kidney

A

fusion at either pole of the kidneys, usually is the lower poles

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4
Q

what is duplex systems

A

more than 1 urethra etc

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5
Q

do simple kidney cysts cause any bother?

A

not really- no functional disturbance

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6
Q

what size of cysts can affect kidneys?

A

multiple and large

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7
Q

What is infantile polycystic disease

A

rare, autosomal recessive disorder that causes terminal renal failure in perinatal group.

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8
Q

in infantile polycystic disease, is the renal enlargement unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

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9
Q

\what canc ause elongated cysts in infantile polycystic disease?

A

medullary collecting duct dilatation

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10
Q

what is specifically associated with infantile polycystic disease

A

congenital hepatic fibrosis

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11
Q

what type of inheritance is adult polycystic disease

A

autosomal dominant

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12
Q

what chromosome is affected in adult polycystic disease

A

16, 4 is occasionally

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13
Q

when does one get affected by adult polycystic disease

A

middle adult like

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14
Q

what symptoms present with adult polycystic disease

A

abdominal mass, haematuria, hypertension, CRF

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15
Q

can adult polycystic disease change the shape of the kidney?

A

yes

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16
Q

where do cysts arise in the adult polycystic disease

A

any part of nephron- can be fluid filled, blood filled

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17
Q

what type of aneurysm is associated with adult polycystic disease

A

berry aneurysm in circle of willis

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18
Q

is a fibroma benign or malignNT

A

benign

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19
Q

what colour are fibromas normally?

A

white

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20
Q

where do fibromas occur>

A

medulla usually

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21
Q

what is an adenoma

A

a benign tumour formed by glandular tissue in epithelial cells

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22
Q

what colour is an adenoma

A

yellow

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23
Q

where do adenomas arise

A

cortical

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24
Q

what is angiomyolipoma

A

mixture of fat, muscle, blood vessel tumour.

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25
Q

What are angiomyolipomas associated with

A

tuberose sclerosis

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26
Q

what can juxtaglomerular cell tumour lead to

A

secondary hypertension

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27
Q

what is the commonest intra abdominal malignant tumour in children aged 1-10

A

neuroblastoma

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28
Q

what sings would be present in a child with neuroblastoma

A

an abdominal mass

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29
Q

what do urothelial carcinomas come from?

A

renal pelvis and calyces

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30
Q

is renal cell carcinoma benign or malignant?

A

malignant

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31
Q

where does renal cell carcinoma arise form?

A

renal tubular epithelium

32
Q

what is the commonest primary renal tumour in adults

A

renal cell carcinoma

33
Q

what do patients present with renal cell carcinoma

A

abdominal mass, haematuria, flank pain, general features- malaise, WL etc, polycythaemia and hypercalcaemia

34
Q

what do masses look like in renal cell carcinoma

A

well circumscribed, large on cortex. Yellow in colour, with cystic, haemorrhage, necrotic areas. Renal vein extension is v v common

35
Q

is renal vein extension in renal cell carcinoma an good or bad sing?

A

BAD BAD BAD

36
Q

what is the commonest type of renal cell carcinoma

A

clear cell- tumour rich in glycogen and lipid

37
Q

what is the common way of metastases in renal cell carcinoma

A

haematogenous

38
Q

where does transitional cell carcinoma affect?

A

transitional epithelium from pelvicalyceal system to urethra

39
Q

where does transitional cell carcinoma most commonly affect?

A

BLADDER

40
Q

what age group does transitional cell carcinoma affect?

A

> 50

41
Q

what are the risk factors for getting transitional ell carcinoma

A

smoking, rubber industry, dyes, analgesics,

42
Q

what is the commonest symptom of transitional cell carcinoma

A

haematuria

43
Q

where does the transitional cell carcinoma most commonly occur

A

trigone area

44
Q

is transient cell carcinoma often recurring?

A

yup- can progress to higher stage

45
Q

what is the commonest malignant bladder tumour in children?

A

embryological rhabdomyosarcoma

46
Q

what do squamous cell carcinomas look like on histology

A

eggs and red balls

47
Q

Is glomerulonephritis infective?

A

no

48
Q

Where is glomerulonephritis based?

A

glomeruli then secondary changes in interstitial component of kidneys

49
Q

Are all glomeruli affected in glomerulonephritis?

A

no- usually just a few

50
Q

What is associated with pyelonephritits

A

bacterial infection of renal pelvis, calyces and tubules

51
Q

Is pyelonephritis more often acute or chronic

A

chronic

52
Q

what is the commonest cause of pyelonephritis

A

E Coli

53
Q

does pyelonephritis occur more commonly in women or men?

A

women

54
Q

How does pyelonephritis spread?

A

septicaemia states, post surgery, MOST COMMONLY- ascending infection

55
Q

what are the risk factors for pyelonephritis

A

females, age, pregnancy, ureteric dilatation, instrumentation, urinary tract obstruction- stones, strictures, inflame disorders, tumours, duplex systems, diabetes, vesicle-ureteric reflux

56
Q

what is seen histologically in pyelonephritis

A

neutrophil infiltrate -in chronic infiltrate- lymphocytes and glomerular loss can be seen

57
Q

what ar symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

hypertension/ uraemia, vague symptoms, may present with large volume of urine,

58
Q

what is seen on renal imagine of chronic pyelonephritits

A

coarse cortical scarring and distortion of calyces, kidneys can become very shrunk!

59
Q

How is tuberculosis pyelonephritis spread?

A

by blood from a site elsewhere

60
Q

how do patients present with tuberculosis pyelonephritis

A

weight loss, fever, sweats, loin pain, dysuria, sterile pyuria- pus in urine (initially microbiology doesnt grow anything)

61
Q

how do you diagnosis tuberculosis pyelonephritis these days

A

PCR

62
Q

what necrotic appearance do tuberculosis pyelonephritis have

A

caseous foci- granulomatous inflammation. Cheese like appearance. Can rupture and spread into ureter, bladder and other viscera. ZN stain

63
Q

What causes cystitis

A

E. Coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas, proteus

64
Q

Is cystitis acute or chronic?

A

acute?

65
Q

what is cystic cystitis

A

multiple small fluid filled cysts projecting into lumen. Can biopsy- may resemble tumours

66
Q

what is an important cause of bladder infections worldwide?

A

Schistosomiasis (worms and egg they lay)

67
Q

what can bladder infections predispose a patient to

A

squamous cell carcinoma

68
Q

who is mostly affected by urethral obstruction

A

males

69
Q

what can cause an obstruction in the urethra

A

stricture, posterior urethral valves, prostatic disease

70
Q

what happens to the bladder lining in prolonged bladder outlet obstruction

A

hypertrophy of detrusor muscle

71
Q

what is hydronephritis

A

prolonged urinary obstruction- dilated pelvicalyceal system with atrophy

72
Q

what are causes of hydronephritis

A

urinary tract obstruction and reflux

73
Q

what can cause unilateral hydronephritits

A

proximal urinary tract, calculi, neoplasms, congenital abnormality, strictures

74
Q

if the obstruction is gradual what will happen to urethra tube;e

A

dilate- hydronephritis

75
Q

what is it called when there is a secondary infection to hydronephritis

A

pyonephritis

Renal (18 decks)

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