Anatomy Flashcards
what features make up the urinary tract
kidney- ureter- bladder- urethra
what makes up the upper urinary tract
kidney, ureter
what is involved in the lower urinary tract
bladder, urethra
what features are located within the abdomen
Retroperitoneum: kidneys and proximal ureters
What is present in the pelvis region and what been marks the difference between abdomen and pelvic regions
distal ureters, bladder and proximal urethra and the hip bone at level of L4
what region is the distal urethra located in
perineum
is the left kidney closer to the aorta or IVC?
aorta
what 3 features are located within the renal hilum
right renal artery, vein and right ureter
what 2 muscles lie posterior to the kidneys
psoas major and quadrates lumborum
what fat lies closest to the kidneys
perinephric fat
what fat lies just underneath the visceral peritoneum
paranephric fat
what region of th body does the kidney lie in
Upper quadrants or flank regions
what is the space called between the liver and th kidneys
hepatorenal recess
do the renal veins lie anterior to the renal arteries?
yep
are the common iliac veins anterior to the arteries?
no
where does the lymph from the kidneys drain to?
lumbar ndoes
at what anatomical landmark does the abdominal aorta bifurcate at
umbilicus
what supplies the ureter?
renal artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, vesicle artery
where does lymph from the ureter go to ?
lumbar AND iliac nodes
what does the collecting duct drain into
minor calyx
where are the 3 sites of ureteric constriction
pelviuretic junction- wide pelvis and small ureter
Ureter crossing common iliac artery
Ureteric orifice
what are renal stones formed by
urine calcium salts
can obstructions in the bladder cause unilateral or bilateral problems
both
what does obstruction of th eurethra cause?
bilateral problems
what is hydronephrosis
water within the kidney
what does acute hydronephrosis cause?
painful stretching of renal capsule
what is the false pelvis
area from iliac crest to pelvic inlet which is actually classed as abdominal cavity
what is the tract of the ureters
retroperitoneum- false pelvis- true pelvis
what is the true pelvis
from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor
where is the bladder found
in the pelvic cavity
what are the pelvic floor muscles
levator ani
what are the 3 openings in the pelvic floor flor
alimentary, renal and reproductive tract
do the ureters pass anterior or posterior to the common iliac vessels to enter pelvis
anterior
do the ureters enter onto the posterior or anterior aspect of the bladder
posterior
what is it good that the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall at a inferomedial direction?
prevents reflux of urine back into ureter when bladder contracts
what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity called
rectovesicle pouch
what is the most inferior part of a female peritoneal tract
rectouterine pouch
does the ureter lie inferiorly or superiorly to uterine tubes/ vas deferens?
inferior
where do vesicle arteries supply?
bladder
what does the internal iliac artery give rise to
vesical artery, middle rectal artery, vaginal artery (female), uterine artery
what is a trigone
the 3 corners of the urethral orifics (1 internal urethral orifice)
does the prostate lie anterior or posterior to bladder?
prostate lies posterior
what is the muscles called that forms the main chunk of bladder wall
detrusor muscle
what extra sphincter do men have to prevent ejaculation going backup into the bladder?
internal urethral sphincter muscle
what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?
bladder
what separates the uterus and the bladder
uterovesicle pouch
how long is a female urethra
4cm roughly
how long is a males urethra
20cm roughly
what urethra passes over the prostate
prostatic urethra
what is contained within the spermatic cord
testicular artery, vas deferens, and pampiniform plexus
what is the sac called which the testes sit in
tunica vaginalis
what is hydrocele
excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis
what supplies/ drains the testis
testicular artery and vein
what is the blood supply to the penis
deep arteries of the penis, internal pudendal artery
what is the blood supply to the scorotum
internal pudendal artery and external iliac artery
where does lymph form the testis drain?
lumbar nodes
what are the 5 types of nerve fibre?
sensations from body wall- somatic sensory
sensations from our organs- visceral afferent
Motor response to body wall- somatic motor
Motor response to organs by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibres
what 2 types of nerves control ureteric peristalsis and bladder contraction
sympathetic/ parasympathetic
what controls the internal urethral sphincter
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what controls the external urethral sphincter nd levator ani
somatic motor
what is the main nerve fibre that controls pain
visceral afferent
what controls urinary continence (motor and sensory)
parasympathetic, sympathetic, visceral afferent and somatic motor
what type of nerves supply the perineum and lower limbs
somatic motor and sensory
do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves travel the length of CNS or spinal cords?
no, only a portion of it
what levels does the sympathetic nerves leave?
T1- L2 spinal nerve
how do sympathetic nerves reach smooth muscle glands of the body?
in either cardiopulmonary splanchnic or abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
what do the cardiopulmonary or abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves follow to reach the gland/ smooth muscle
arteries
at what level do sympathetic nerves leave the chain to supply the kidneys, ureter and bladder
T10-L2
do the abdominal splanchnic nerves synapse straight away?
NOOOO
where do abdominosplanchnic nerves synapse?
at the abdominal sympathetic ganglia around the abdominal aorta
what is a periarterial plexus
post synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass from ganglia onto artery surface and it is the collection of nerve fibres found on the outside of the arteries
what 4 cranial nerves do the parasympathetic nerves leave in
3,7,9,10
apart from some cranial nerves, what else carries parasympathetic nerves?
sacral spinal nerves
do parasympathetic fibres innervate smooth muscle of body wall?
no
how do parasympathetic fibres reach hindgut and pelvic organs?
pelvic splanchnic nerves (note no abdomeno)
what parasympathetic nerve innervates kidney and ureter
vagus nerve
what parasympathetic nerves innervate the bladdeR?
nerves carried in pelvic splanchnic nerves
what level do pelvic splanchnic nerves leave?
S2,3,4,
do somatic motor nerves go to the kidneys, ureter or bladder
noooo- it only goes to the body wall
where in the renal system do somatic motor fibres go to
urethra (distal) and its sphincter (external) and levator ani
where is pain from kidney felt?
loin region- posterior flank on affected side
where is pain from bladder normally felt?
suprapubic region
where is pain from a renal calculus felt?
anywhere from loin to groin on affected side
where is pain from the urethra felt?
perineum
where do visceral afferent nerves leave the spinal cord?
T11 and L1
which dermatome would a patient with kidney pain feel the pain?
T11-L1
what is the most common cause of loin pain?
muscular
Where does the visceral afferent nerves leading to ureters enter spinal cord
T11 and L2
what dermatome is pain felt in superior bladder
T11-L2
what visceral afferent nerve level supplies the inferior bladder
S2,3,4
what visceral afferent level runs from proximal urethra
run beside parasympathetic nerve S2,3,4 (at level above levator ani)
in distal urethra somatic sensory nerve fibres carried within pudendal nerve in levels S2,3,4
true
what level do visceral afferent nerves run from the testi
T10-11
where can pain from the testss radiate to?
felt in scrotum but can radiate to groin and anterior lower abdomen
what nerve level help us control urine micturition
S2-4
what 2 named nerves control urine micturition
pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetic) and pudendal (somatic motor) nerves
where doe sciatic nerve arise from
L4-S3
what are the 6 lumbar plexus named nerves and their dermatome
from a spending to descending
iliohypogastric L1 ilioinguinal L1 lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh L2,3 genitofemoral L1,2 Femoral nerve L2-4 Obturator nerve L2-4
what main nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh
femoral L2-4
what main nerve supplies the medial thigh
obturator neve L2-4
what mainly supplies the skin of the posterior thigh
sciatic nerve L4-S3
what is the main nerve that supplies the anterior compartment of leg
deep fibular
what is the main nerve that supplies the lateral leg
superficial fibular nerve
what does the sciatic nerve split into
tibial and common fibular nerves
what mainly supplies the plantar foot
tibial
what nerve supplies the first web space
deep fibular
what nerve supplies majority of solar foot
superficial fibular nerve
