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First Aid Respiratory > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Air that can be breathed in after notmal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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2
Q

Air that moves into lung with each quiet breath

A

Tidal volume (~500mL)

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3
Q

Ait that can be breathed out after normal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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4
Q

Air in lung after max expiration; cannot be measured by spirometry

A

Residual volume

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5
Q

TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity

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6
Q

Volume in lungs after normal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

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7
Q

Maximal volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

A

Vital capacity

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8
Q

Volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiration

A

Total Lung capacity

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9
Q

Anatomic dead space of conducting airways + functional dead space in alveoli; volume of air not apart of gas exchange

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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10
Q

Largest contributor of physiologic dead space

A

Apex of Lung

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11
Q

Total Volume of gas entering the lung per minute

A

Minute ventilation

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12
Q

Volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli

A

Alveolar ventilation

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13
Q

When inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and systemic pressure is atmospheric

A

FRC

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14
Q

When airway and alveolar pressures are 0; intrapleural pressure is negative

A

FRC

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15
Q

Change in lung volume for a given change in pressure

A

Compliance

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16
Q

Causes of decreased lung compliance

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema

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17
Q

Causes of increased lung compliance

A

Emphysema and aging

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18
Q

Taut/tense Hb

A

Low affinity for oxygen (tissues)

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19
Q

Relaxed Hb

A

High affinity for oxygen (lungs)

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20
Q

Hb biochemistry

A

Positive cooperativity and negative allostery

21
Q

Right Shift

A

Increase chloride, H, CO2, 2,3-BPG, temperature, taut Hb

leads to increases O2 unloading

22
Q

Left Shift

A

Relaxed, higher affinity for oxygen; Fetal Hb (b/c lower affinity for 2,3BPG than adult); CO poisoning

23
Q

Oxidized form of Hb (3+)

A

Methemoglobin; decreased affinity for O2

24
Q

Cyanosis and chocolate colored blood

A

Methemoglobin

25
Q

Tx of cyanide poisoning

A

Nitrates first to oxidize Hb to Met-Hb which binds cyanide; use thiosulfate to bind cyanide making thiosulfate which is renally excreted

26
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

200x greater affinity for Hb than oxygen

27
Q

Cause of sigmoidal shape of Hb dissociation curve

A

Positive cooperativity

28
Q

Why myoglobin curve is not sigmoidal

A

No positive cooperativity; monomer not a tetramer like Hb

29
Q

Low resistance, high compliance system

A

Pulmonary circulation

30
Q

Consequence of pHTN

A

cor pulmonale; right ventricular failure (JVD, edema, hepatomegaly)

31
Q

Diffusion Limited

A

emphysema and fibrosis; Gas does not equilibriate by the time blood reaches the end of capillary

32
Q

Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient

A

high altitude and hypoventilation

33
Q

Hypoxemia with increased A-a gradient

A

V/Q mismatch; diffusion limitation; right-to-left shunt

34
Q

V/Q at apex of lung

A

3; wasted ventilation

35
Q

V/Q at base of lung

A

0.6; wasted perfusion

36
Q

PA > Pa > Pv

A

Apex of lung; decrease ventilation and very decreased perfusion causing increase in V/Q ratio

37
Q

Pa > PA > Pv

A

Zone 2; middle of lung

38
Q

Pa > Pv > PA

A

Base of lung; increase in ventilation but very increased perfusion causing a decrease in V/Q ratio even though increase in blod ventilation and perfusion overall

39
Q

V/Q = 0

A

airway obstruction (shunt); 100% oxygen does not improve pO2

40
Q

V/Q = infinity

A

blood flow obstruction (physiologic dead space); 100% oxygen does improve pO2

41
Q

Highest CO2 transportation

A

HCO3- (90%)

42
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

HbCO2; CO2 bound to Hb at the N-terminus

CO2 favors taut Hb; (5%)

43
Q

Dissolved CO2

A

5% CO2 travels to lungs in this form

44
Q

Haldane effect

A

Oxygenation leads to H+ dissociation, shifting equilibrium to CO2 formation; CO2 released from RBCs in lungs

45
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Increased H+ from tissue metabolism shifts curve to the right; unloads O2 to tissues

46
Q

Ventilatino response to high altitude

A

Chronic increase ventilation

47
Q

Cellular changed in response to high altitude

A

increase 2,3-BPG to release more oxygen; increase mitochondria; increase erythropoietin an dincrease renal excretion of HCO3-

48
Q

PaO2 and PaCO2 in response to exercise

A

NO CHANGE; only change is in the venous system

49
Q

V/Q ratio during exercise

A

from apex to base; more uniform because increase ventilation rate to meet O2 demand

First Aid Respiratory (10 decks)

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