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Biology Of Mammals > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How can hair reduce conductance?

A

Piloerection and seasonal moults

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1
Q

What is wrong with sweating?

A

Water and salt loss

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3
Q

What is Bergmann’s rule?

A

Body size increases with latitude/temperature

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3
Q

What is temporal heterothemy?

A

Times of the year/day where they can afford to be cooler to reduce energy budget

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4
Q

What is the lethal loss of water?

A

More than 20%

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5
Q

What is active cooling?

A

Energy expended in cooling

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5
Q

What is daily torpor?

A

Body temperature drops during the day

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6
Q

What is the formula for the cost of homeothermy?

A

VO2 = C(Tb - Ta)

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6
Q

How can ears aid evaporation?

A

Vascularisation, vasodilation, flapping

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7
Q

What is C?

A

conductance - rate of heat loss from body to the environment

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8
Q

What is interesting about Coyote BMR?

A

79% in desert. 126% in Alaska

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9
Q

What is endothermy?

A

The ability to maintain/generate heat through a combination of internal metabolic activity and physiological regulation

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10
Q

What are the costs of not thermoregulating?

A

Hyperthermia and Hypothermia

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10
Q

How does feeding at night conserve water in oryx?

A

Parched plants absorb moisture from the air. More water in plants at night

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11
Q

What factors determine conductance?

A

Insulation, body size and shape.

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12
Q

What is region heterothermy?

A

Parts of the body maintained at cooler temperature to reduce the cost.

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13
Q

How does migration reduce energy expenditure?

A

Minimised Tb-Ta

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14
Q

Which animals retain body heat longer?

A

Larger body size

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14
Q

How does body shape affect heat loss and energy costs?

A

Long thin animals = low surface area: volume ratio

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15
Q

What is Allen’s Rule?

A

Animals living in more extreme environmental conditions have smaller limbs

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17
Q

What is Ta?

A

Ambient temperature

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18
Q

How is an oryx heat and drought tolerant?

A

Relies on metabolic water, seeks shade

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19
Q

What are the physiological consequences of fossorial living?

A

Lower Basal metabolic rates. Lower respiratory and heart rates

21
Q

What is homeothermy?

A

Heat isn’t generated, temperature is just maintained

22
Q

What are the costs of thermoregulation?

A

High energy demand

23
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Minimum metabolic rate required to maintain resting function in thermal neutral zone

23
Q

What is passive cooling?

A

Basing/shading. Conduction to draw heat off

24
Q

What is the lower critical temperature?

A

Point below which the balance between metabolic heat production and heat loss cannot be maintained

24
Q

Why is sharing a hibernacula good?

A

Cost free benefit to share

25
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

Evaporation of fluid from the body surface: sweating, saliva, urination

26
Q

What do methatheria and eutheria BMR vary?

A

Methatheria have a lower BMR. Eutheria is higher from the selection for high reproductive rates

27
Q

How is a camel heat and drought tolerant?

A

Thermal interia, rapid heat loss at night. Interstitial intracellular fluid

29
Q

What is heterothermy?

A

Varying body temperatures

31
Q

How do food habitats affect BMR?

A

Foliovores, soil/litter, ant/termite have low Small/aquatic carnivores have high

32
Q

What is the upper critical temperature?

A

Point above which metabolic work is needed in order to dissipate heat by evaporative cooling and maintain constant temperature

33
Q

Why homeothermy evolve?

A

Selective pressure for sustained activity and reduced body size

35
Q

What is the principle function of hair?

A

Insulation

36
Q

Which does larger body size mean great thermal interia?

A

Less energy is required for cooling and heating

36
Q

How can water be conserved?

A

Kidney, gut, lactation, diet, behaviour, respriation

37
Q

What is thermal inertia?

A

Degree of slowness with which the temperature of a body approaches that of its surrounding

37
Q

How can mammals display heterothermy?

A

Regionally (within the body), temporally (over time)

39
Q

What is thermal neutral zone?

A

When little or no metabolic energy is expended on temperature

40
Q

How does a kangaroo rat survive?

A

Reliant on metabolic water from seeds. Nocturnal. Concentrated milk

41
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone of most mammals?

A

36-38

42
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

By-product of aerobic metabolism

44
Q

What are the benefits of homeothermy?

A

Homeostasis, continouous activity

45
Q

How do animals conserve energy?

A

Minimise conductance through insulation

47
Q

What is hibernacula?

A

Place of abode in which creature hibernates

48
Q

What is sub-cutaneous fat?

A

Layer of fat found just beneath the skin, insulation and energy

49
Q

How does body size effect heat loss and energetic costs?

A

Larger animals have lower Area: volume ratio

50
Q

What is monotremes body temperature?

A

lower, just above 30

51
Q

Which is better panting or sweating?

A

Panting

53
Q

How long do edible dormice hibernate for?

A

7 months

54
Q

What is active heating?

A

Energy expended in generating heat

55
Q

How do fur seals lose heat?

A

Finning - flapping fins which sweat to increase evaporative cooling

56
Q

What is Tb?

A

Variation in body temperature

57
Q

What is seasonal torpor?

A

Prolonged drop in body temperature triggered by food variation, decline in day length, low temperatures

Biology Of Mammals (13 decks)

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