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Biology Of Mammals > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What origin does HIV have?

A

Zoonotic

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2
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins

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2
Q

How many bats have been killed by white-nosed syndrom?

A

6-7 million

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3
Q

Where did Nipah emerge?

A

Malaysia, Bangladesh, India

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4
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

An infection of the brain and nervous system

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4
Q

In which animals is canine distemper virus a problem?

A

Dogs, serengeti lions, hunting dogs, black-footed ferrets

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5
Q

Which mammals does rabies affect?

A

Bats, primates, cattle, carnivores, dogs and cats

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5
Q

What happens with septicaemic plague?

A

Reduced clotting ability, uncontrolled bleeding.

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6
Q

How does vaccination of adult badgers affect cubs?

A

Cubs from social adults who had been vaccinated were protected from TB

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8
Q

Why is it easier to catch disease from animals now?

A

Prolonged assoication

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9
Q

Where is hantavirus more of an issue?

A

In the developed world

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10
Q

What is henipah?

A

Group of viruses

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10
Q

What type of virus is canine distemper virus?

A

RNA virus

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11
Q

Where is bubonic plague most prevalent?

A

Africa and developing world

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12
Q

How have fisherman caught rabies?

A

Exposure through fly fishing. Bats fly over the water and grabs the fly, fisherman has to get the bats off

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13
Q

What is a bacterial disease which affects humans?

A

Plague

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13
Q

How long did the badger cull trial last?

A

10 years

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13
Q

How effective were the measures of reducing badger-cattle contact?

A

100%

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14
Q

Which 2 viruses are in henipah?

A

Nipah, Hendra

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15
Q

How is trichinella spiralis passed on?

A

Uncooked pork and bears

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17
Q

Where are human deaths of rabies most prevalent?

A

Developing world

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18
Q

What are the late stage symptoms of rabies?

A

Acute pain, uncontrolled movements, aggressive behaviour, profuse salivation, hydrophobia

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18
Q

How is bovine TB spatially distributed?

A

Limited spread between groups. Infection is patchy and conserved through time

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18
Q

Which animals does chronic wasting disease effect?

A

Wild ungulates

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20
Q

What are spill over cases?

A

Main self-sustaining reservoir of infection is the animal and then the human acquires the infection

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21
Q

When was rabies discovered?

A

4,000 years ago

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21
Q

What does badger vaccine study show?

A

Does not prevent infection, reduces severity and progression

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22
Q

What does the bubonic plague affect?

A

Lymphatic system

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23
Q

Where did SARS emerge?

A

East Asia

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24
Q

How many humans death have there been because of rabies?

A

55,000

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25
Q

How much did the Krebs Trial badger cull cost?

A

£50 million

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26
Q

Where is the virus found?

A

Saliva

26
Q

What plague occurs in wildlife?

A

Sylvatic plague

28
Q

Who revolutionised the protection of milk?

A

Louis Pasture, Calmette and Guerin

28
Q

What did the badger culling trial show?

A

Number of cattle TB incidents lower in areas which badgers were culled proactively.

28
Q

Which animals cause Nipah?

A

Bats

29
Q

What happens with bubonic plague?

A

Swelling lymph nodes. Die from blood clots

30
Q

What is the name for diseases caused by animals?

A

Zoonoses

31
Q

Where HIV come from?

A

Non-human primates, chimps

33
Q

What is the relationship between badger density and TB?

A

No relationship with density of the population and prevalence of the disease

34
Q

Which animals transfer hantavirus to humans?

A

Rodents

35
Q

How did bats cause Nipah?

A

Roost near pig farms, transfer infection

36
Q

How is chronic wasting disease spread?

A

Via nose to nose contact or contact with excrement

37
Q

How are people working with bats protected against rabies?

A

Three IM injections pre-exposure. Post-exposure treatment

38
Q

What is an example of a prion disease?

A

Mad cow disease

39
Q

How is badger-cattle contact reduced?

A

Exclusion measures, gates/fences

41
Q

What is the economic problems caused by bovine TB?

A

Number of cattle being culled and amount of tests has increased

42
Q

What is chronic wasting disease caused by?

A

Transmissible prion disease

44
Q

What does the results of the badger culling trials show?

A

Positive effects in the areas culled counteracted the negative effects in the areas outside

45
Q

How is devil facial tumour disease spread?

A

Through biting

46
Q

What does rabies cause?

A

Acute encephalitis

47
Q

What are the 3 types of culling involved in the Krebs trial?

A

Reactive culling, proactive culling, survey only

48
Q

Which animals does white-nosed syndrome effect?

A

Bats

49
Q

Which animals caused hendra to emerge?

A

Horses

50
Q

What happens because of bovine tuberculosis?

A

Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck as a result of consuming infected milk

52
Q

What did Calmette and Guerin create?

A

TB vaccine

53
Q

What is the final result of rabies?

A

Coma and death

54
Q

What is devil facial tumour disease?

A

Transmissible cancer

55
Q

What does ebola cause?

A

Systemic organ failure

57
Q

What are examples of emerging infectious diseases?

A

SARS, HIV, Influenza, Ebola, Henipah, Hantavirus

58
Q

What is unique about the DNA of tumours in devil facial tumour disease?

A

The DNA is not the same as the infected DNA. Tumours are passed between them

59
Q

How is CDV spread?

A

Feral domesticated dogs going into wild areas and spreading

61
Q

How is septicaemic plague caused?

A

Bacteria produce toxins

62
Q

What is an example of influenza?

A

Swine flu

63
Q

What percentage of emerging infectious disease is caused by contact with wildlife?

A

71.8%

64
Q

How is the disease contracted?

A

From bite

65
Q

Where did ebola outbreak?

A

Western Africa

67
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A

Virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites, prions, infectious cell lines

68
Q

What are the hosts of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Felid host from cats oocysts in faeces

69
Q

Which species is sylvatic plague a threat to?

A

Black footed ferrets

70
Q

What happened in the surrounding areas of where the badgers were culled?

A

More incidents of TB.

72
Q

How is the plague transferred to humans?

A

Rat flea

73
Q

What happens with a prion disease?

A

Neurodegenerative

74
Q

What is reactive culling?

A

Badgers culled on and around farms following TB outbreak

75
Q

What is proactive culling?

A

As many badgers as possible culled and numbers kept low

76
Q

What are wildlife diseases?

A

Canine distemper virus, chronic wasting disease, white-nosed syndrome, devil facial tumour disease

77
Q

What animals are the primary reservoir for ebola?

A

Bats

78
Q

How are mammals vaccinated?

A

Aerial vaccine -put into baits and broadcast out of helicopters

79
Q

How do animals transfer disease to humans?

A

Susceptibility, environmental conditions, pathogen viability, transmission

Biology Of Mammals (13 decks)

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