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Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What origin does HIV have?

A

Zoonotic

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2
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins

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2
Q

How many bats have been killed by white-nosed syndrom?

A

6-7 million

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3
Q

Where did Nipah emerge?

A

Malaysia, Bangladesh, India

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4
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

An infection of the brain and nervous system

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4
Q

In which animals is canine distemper virus a problem?

A

Dogs, serengeti lions, hunting dogs, black-footed ferrets

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5
Q

Which mammals does rabies affect?

A

Bats, primates, cattle, carnivores, dogs and cats

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5
Q

What happens with septicaemic plague?

A

Reduced clotting ability, uncontrolled bleeding.

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6
Q

How does vaccination of adult badgers affect cubs?

A

Cubs from social adults who had been vaccinated were protected from TB

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8
Q

Why is it easier to catch disease from animals now?

A

Prolonged assoication

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9
Q

Where is hantavirus more of an issue?

A

In the developed world

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10
Q

What is henipah?

A

Group of viruses

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10
Q

What type of virus is canine distemper virus?

A

RNA virus

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11
Q

Where is bubonic plague most prevalent?

A

Africa and developing world

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12
Q

How have fisherman caught rabies?

A

Exposure through fly fishing. Bats fly over the water and grabs the fly, fisherman has to get the bats off

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13
Q

What is a bacterial disease which affects humans?

A

Plague

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13
Q

How long did the badger cull trial last?

A

10 years

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13
Q

How effective were the measures of reducing badger-cattle contact?

A

100%

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14
Q

Which 2 viruses are in henipah?

A

Nipah, Hendra

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15
Q

How is trichinella spiralis passed on?

A

Uncooked pork and bears

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17
Q

Where are human deaths of rabies most prevalent?

A

Developing world

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18
Q

What are the late stage symptoms of rabies?

A

Acute pain, uncontrolled movements, aggressive behaviour, profuse salivation, hydrophobia

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18
Q

How is bovine TB spatially distributed?

A

Limited spread between groups. Infection is patchy and conserved through time

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18
Q

Which animals does chronic wasting disease effect?

A

Wild ungulates

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20
What are spill over cases?
Main self-sustaining reservoir of infection is the animal and then the human acquires the infection
21
When was rabies discovered?
4,000 years ago
21
What does badger vaccine study show?
Does not prevent infection, reduces severity and progression
22
What does the bubonic plague affect?
Lymphatic system
23
Where did SARS emerge?
East Asia
24
How many humans death have there been because of rabies?
55,000
25
How much did the Krebs Trial badger cull cost?
£50 million
26
Where is the virus found?
Saliva
26
What plague occurs in wildlife?
Sylvatic plague
28
Who revolutionised the protection of milk?
Louis Pasture, Calmette and Guerin
28
What did the badger culling trial show?
Number of cattle TB incidents lower in areas which badgers were culled proactively.
28
Which animals cause Nipah?
Bats
29
What happens with bubonic plague?
Swelling lymph nodes. Die from blood clots
30
What is the name for diseases caused by animals?
Zoonoses
31
Where HIV come from?
Non-human primates, chimps
33
What is the relationship between badger density and TB?
No relationship with density of the population and prevalence of the disease
34
Which animals transfer hantavirus to humans?
Rodents
35
How did bats cause Nipah?
Roost near pig farms, transfer infection
36
How is chronic wasting disease spread?
Via nose to nose contact or contact with excrement
37
How are people working with bats protected against rabies?
Three IM injections pre-exposure. Post-exposure treatment
38
What is an example of a prion disease?
Mad cow disease
39
How is badger-cattle contact reduced?
Exclusion measures, gates/fences
41
What is the economic problems caused by bovine TB?
Number of cattle being culled and amount of tests has increased
42
What is chronic wasting disease caused by?
Transmissible prion disease
44
What does the results of the badger culling trials show?
Positive effects in the areas culled counteracted the negative effects in the areas outside
45
How is devil facial tumour disease spread?
Through biting
46
What does rabies cause?
Acute encephalitis
47
What are the 3 types of culling involved in the Krebs trial?
Reactive culling, proactive culling, survey only
48
Which animals does white-nosed syndrome effect?
Bats
49
Which animals caused hendra to emerge?
Horses
50
What happens because of bovine tuberculosis?
Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck as a result of consuming infected milk
52
What did Calmette and Guerin create?
TB vaccine
53
What is the final result of rabies?
Coma and death
54
What is devil facial tumour disease?
Transmissible cancer
55
What does ebola cause?
Systemic organ failure
57
What are examples of emerging infectious diseases?
SARS, HIV, Influenza, Ebola, Henipah, Hantavirus
58
What is unique about the DNA of tumours in devil facial tumour disease?
The DNA is not the same as the infected DNA. Tumours are passed between them
59
How is CDV spread?
Feral domesticated dogs going into wild areas and spreading
61
How is septicaemic plague caused?
Bacteria produce toxins
62
What is an example of influenza?
Swine flu
63
What percentage of emerging infectious disease is caused by contact with wildlife?
71.8%
64
How is the disease contracted?
From bite
65
Where did ebola outbreak?
Western Africa
67
What are the different types of pathogens?
Virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites, prions, infectious cell lines
68
What are the hosts of toxoplasma gondii?
Felid host from cats oocysts in faeces
69
Which species is sylvatic plague a threat to?
Black footed ferrets
70
What happened in the surrounding areas of where the badgers were culled?
More incidents of TB.
72
How is the plague transferred to humans?
Rat flea
73
What happens with a prion disease?
Neurodegenerative
74
What is reactive culling?
Badgers culled on and around farms following TB outbreak
75
What is proactive culling?
As many badgers as possible culled and numbers kept low
76
What are wildlife diseases?
Canine distemper virus, chronic wasting disease, white-nosed syndrome, devil facial tumour disease
77
What animals are the primary reservoir for ebola?
Bats
78
How are mammals vaccinated?
Aerial vaccine -put into baits and broadcast out of helicopters
79
How do animals transfer disease to humans?
Susceptibility, environmental conditions, pathogen viability, transmission

Biology Of Mammals (13 decks)

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