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Biology Of Mammals > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

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1
Q

How are mammals with brachiation locomotion adapted?

A

Long arms, stout pectoral girdle, anchored clavicle, opposable digits, rotary cup joints.

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2
Q

How are mammals adapted to ricocheting locomotion?

A

Bipedal, enlarged hind limps, elastic tendons, reduced forelimbs

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2
Q

Which form of locomotion is most energetically efficient?

A

Flight

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3
Q

Why has knuckle walking evolved?

A

Manu/pes adapted for other purposes

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3
Q

Which is richocheting?

A

Bouncing off things

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3
Q

What is a sifaka?

A

Large lemur

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4
Q

What is saltatorial locomotion?

A

Leaping

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5
Q

What is the cannon bone?

A

Fusion of 3rd and 4th metapodial

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5
Q

Why is a cheetah incapable of long sustained pursuits?

A

Extreme amount of energy burnt leads to rapid physiological constraints - inability to remove heat

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6
Q

What is cursorial?

A

Adapted for running

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7
Q

What is ambulatory?

A

Adapted to walking

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8
Q

What adaptations to senses do fossorial mammals have?

A

Vestigial vision, receptors in the snout, vibrissae (whiskers) on tail, body or legs

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8
Q

What type of dentition do fossorial mammals have?

A

Teeth use as digging tool. Large incisors are external to the lips, can dig with their teeth

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8
Q

What shape are bats wings?

A

Cambered (asymmetry between top and bottom surfaces)

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8
Q

What type of wings do bats which fly rapidly have?

A

Long, narrow, high-aspect ratio wings

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9
Q

What is fossorial locomotion?

A

Animalls with adaptations for digging

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11
Q

What is plantigrade posture?

A

Palsm/sole in contact with the floor. Metatarsals, phalanges parallel to the ground

12
Q

Why do vampire bats shown jumping locomotion sometimes?

A

Liquid diet is heavy. Jumping helps them get off the ground

12
Q

How does the patagium help gliding?

A

Acts as an airfoil by being kept under tension, limb adjustment

14
Q

How is a cheetah adapted?

A

Lightweight head and body, extensible spine, long legs, tail, semi-retractable claws, efficient respiration

15
Q

What is a sifaka locomotion?

A

Largely arboreal, ricocheting terrestrial locomotion

17
Q

What adaptations does a mammal have for cursorial locomotion?

A

Longer limbs, muscles and levers in place, reduced distal mass, proximate muscle mass, extended ligaments

19
Q

What is mediportal?

A

Adapted for slow movement with some characteristics of quick when needed

20
Q

Which mammals have converged for gliding locomotion?

A

3 possum families, colugos, flying squirrels.

22
Q

Which species are adapted for knuckle walking?

A

Chimps, anteaters, pangolins, platypus

23
Q

What is unguligrade posture?

A

Elevated phalanges, walking on last part of the digit

24
Q

How are burrowing mammals adapted?

A

Short limbs, powerful musculature, spade like manus, enlarged humerus, adapted senses and dentition

26
Q

What are the 4 different types of wings?

A

Plagiopatagium, chiropatagium, uropatagium, propatagium

27
Q

How can a flying squirrel and a sugar glider be seen apart?

A

Location of testes

29
Q

What are the 3 types of posture?

A

Plantigrade. Digitigrade. Unguligrade

30
Q

How is propulsion generated?

A

Joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons act to form levers.

30
Q

What is the patagium?

A

Membrane or fold of skin between forelimbs and hindlimbs on each side

31
Q

How can a tail help locomotion?

A

Balance counterweight. Can be prehensile

32
Q

How is a bats skeleton adapted for flight?

A

Keeled sternum, stout clavicle, fused axial, elongated radial, elongated metacarpals

34
Q

What is graviportal?

A

Adapted for moving slowly due to high body weight

35
Q

How are sloths adapted to their method of locomotion?

A

Hands and feed grip, swinging momentum, reduced cervical vertebrae-head mobility.

36
Q

What is digitigrade posture?

A

Elevated metatarsals, phalanges in contact. Reduced to 4 digits

37
Q

What are the 4 requirements need to sustain locomotion?

A

Support. Propulsion. Manoeuvrability. Endurance

39
Q

How are mammals with arboreal locomotion adapted?

A

Holdfasts, grasping manus, pes, claws, pads for friction

40
Q

How do bat wings cause flight?

A

Provide lift and thrust, thin aerofoil shape

41
Q

What is subterranean locomotion?

A

Animals which live underground their entire life

42
Q

How is a kangaroo adapted for its type of locomotion?

A

Posterior centre of gravity, enlarge pelvic muscles, lengthy tendons, extended tibia, enlarged pes, muscular tail

Biology Of Mammals (13 decks)

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