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cardiovascular > physiology 3 > Flashcards

physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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2
Q

what are continuous capillaries

A

no clefts or pores - ie brain

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3
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

capillaries that have clefts and pores - in the intestines

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4
Q

what are discontinuous capillaries

A

capillaries that have clefts and massive pores - ie liver

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5
Q

what is bulk flow

A

the process that occurs in capillaries leading to mass diffusion

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6
Q

what forces push fluid into the capillaries

A

osmotic, oncotic pressure

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7
Q

what force pushed fluid out of the capillaries

A

hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

are there valves in lymph vessels - why

A

yes - passive transport need fluid to not go backwards

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9
Q

what is oedema

A

accumulation of fluid

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10
Q

what can cause oedema

A

lymph obstruction

raise CVP

hypoproteinaemia - liver failure, nutrition

increased capillary permeability - infection

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11
Q

what is Darcy’s law

A

flow = change in pressure/resistance

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12
Q

what is CVP

A

central venous pressure

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13
Q

what is central venous pressure - what does it show

A

the blood pressure in the venae cavae, - reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart

the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system

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14
Q

how is Darcy’s law applied to the systemic circulation

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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15
Q

what is resistance juggling

A

controlling intrinsic, extrinsic mechanisms - to moderate arteriolar radius

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16
Q

why does arteriolar radius need to be monitored

A

to make sure MAP is sufficient as well as the blood flow to the vascular beds.

(which contradict each other)

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17
Q

what are intrinsic mechanisms concered with

A

the selfish needs of individual tissues and organs

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18
Q

what are extrinsic mechanisms concerned with

A

mataining TPR and in tturn MAP -

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19
Q

what happens if MAP drops

A

then blood pressure will have droped leading to possible singopy

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20
Q

what are the two types of extrinsic control

A

neural

hormonal

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21
Q

what are the main nerves in extrinsic control

A

sympathetic - nor adrenaline - beta 1 - fasoconstriction

parasympathetic usually has no effect

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22
Q

what are the extrinsic hormonal controls

A

adrenaline
angiotensin 2
vasopressin
atrial natriuretic factor

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23
Q

what are the majority of intrinsic controls

A

local controls

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24
Q

how does adrenaline effect TPR

A

same effect as nor adrenaline on the beta 1 receptors

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25
Q

what happens in some other tissures when adrenaline is released

A

activates beta 2 receptos

causing arteriolar dilation - increased flow with lower TPR

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26
Q

what does angiotension 2 do to the extrinsic control

A

produced in response to low blood volume

arterial constriction
increased Total pheripheral resistance

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27
Q

what does vasopressin do to the extrinsic control - what is it

A

antidiuretic hormone

released in response to low blood volume

causes arteriolar constriction

increased TPR

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28
Q

what does atrial natriuretic factor do

A

released in response to high blood volume

causes arteriolar dilation

decrease TPR

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29
Q

what are the 3 local(intrinsic) controls

A

active (metabolic) hyperaemia

pressure (flow) autoregulation

reactive hyperaemia

the injury response

30
Q

what are some of the special circulations

A

coronary circulation
cerebral circulation
pulmonary circulation
renal circulation

31
Q

what is special about the renal circulation

A

main function is filtration which depends on pressure

changes in MAP would have big effects on blood volume

shows excellent pressure autoregulation

32
Q

what is special about the pulmonary circulation

A

O2 causes arteriolar constriction

the opposite response to most tissues
ensures that blood is directed to the best ventilated parts of the lung

33
Q

what is special about the cerebral circulation

A

must be kept stable whatever otherwise syncope

shows excellent pressure autoregulation

34
Q

what is special about coronary circulation

A

blood supply is interrupted by systole

shows excellent hyperaemia

express many beta 2 receptors - swamp any sympathetic arteriolar constriction

35
Q

how does active metabolic hyperaemia work

A

increased metabolic activity - increased conc. of metabolites

triggers release of paracrines

arteriolar dilation

increases flow to wash out metabolites

36
Q

what are some example of paracrine

A

EDRF - endothelium derived relaxing factor

NO - nitric oxide

37
Q

what is active metabolic hyperaemia an example of

A

an adaptation to match blood supply to the metabolic needs of that tissue

38
Q

what is hyperaemia

A

an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body.

39
Q

how does reactive hyperaemia work

A

occlusion of blood supply causes a subsequent increase in blood flow

an extrema version of pressure autoregulation

40
Q

how does pressure flow autoregulation work

A

much in the same way as active metabolism regulation as it responds to the accumulation of metabolites

41
Q

what is different from active metabollic regulation to pressure(flow) regulation

A

pressure flow regulation is in response to a drop in MAP by dilating to keep flow the same as otherwise it would be reduced

42
Q

how does the injury response work

A

mast cell releases histamine leading to increases blood flow/permeability

43
Q

what do elastic arteries act as

A

pressure resoviour - dampens down pressure variations

44
Q

what is the pressure wave (in arteries)

A

stroke volume
velocity of ejection
elastic of arteries
TPR

45
Q

what is the normal arterial pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

46
Q

what is the systemic filling pressure - what is it

A

20 to 5 mmHg

the pressure going back in to the right atrium from the veins

47
Q

how does pressure drop through the vascular tree

A

small drop through arteries

large drop through arterioles

leaves a small pressure for the capillaries

48
Q

what is the pressure in the pulmonary circulation

A

1/5th of the systemic

49
Q

what is the small drop in pressure through the arteries

A

95 to 90 mmHg

50
Q

what is the large drop through the arterioles

A

90 to 40 mmHg

51
Q

what are the 5 thighs that effect venous pressure and venous return

A

gravity
skeletal muscle pump
venomotor tone
systemic filling pressure

52
Q

what effect doe gravity have on pressure and flow

A 
pools in the legs leading to 
-30mmHg - head - SUBTRACTS 40mmHg
0 mmHg heart 
ADDS - 80mmHg
\+90 mmHG
53
Q

what does gravity cause to pressure and flow

A

causes venous distension in legs
reduce EDV, preload, SV, CO, MAP

cause venous collapse in neck
- estimate central venous pressure

54
Q

does gravity effect driving pressure from arteries to veins

A

no way

55
Q

what is skeletal muscle pump

A

the moment of blood through the veins by the contraction of muscle

rhythmic vs static exercise

56
Q

what does skeletal muscle pump prevents

A

deep vein thrombosis

57
Q

how does the respiratory pump

A

the thoracic cavity creates a negative pressure when inspiration

leads to a deficit with +ve pressure in the abdomen pulling blood up to the heart

58
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

state of contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the venules and veins

mobilises capacitance

59
Q

what is capacitance

A

the blood stored up in the veins that is forced up after increased MAP

60
Q

what is systemic filling pressure

A

pressure created by ventricles and transmitted through vascular tree to the veins

61
Q

what does clotting involve

A

formation of a platelet plug

formation of a fibrin clot

62
Q

what turns fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

63
Q

what becomes fibrin

A

fibrinogen

64
Q

what does fibrinogen become

A

fibrin

65
Q

how does the endothelium stop the clotting

A

anti-clotting mechanisms

66
Q

what are some of the anti-clotting mechanisms

A

thrombomodulin

heparin

produces tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

t-PA

prostacyclin and NO

67
Q

what does TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor

A

stop thrombin production

68
Q

what does thrombomodulin do

A

binds to thrombin and inactivates it

69
Q

what does heparin do

A

inactivates thrombin

70
Q

what is t - PA what does it do

A

tissue plasminogen activator

plasminogen which makes plasmin that digests clot

71
Q

what does prostacyclin and NO do

A

both inhibit platelet aggregation

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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