anatomy Flashcards
what is the function of the heart (2)
to pump blood
to receive blood
what defines the inferior border of the superior mediastinum
the sternal angle and T4
where is the apex of the heart
5th intercostal space on the LEFT mid axillary line
what part of the heart makes up the apex
the left ventricle
what part of the heart makes up the base
the left atrium
what are 4 mediastinal cavities
superior
anterior mediastinum
middle mediastinum
posterior mediastinum
where is the mediastinum located
between the two pleural cavities
what vertebrae does the heart lie between
T5 - T8 in the recumbent position
where dose the Left atrium lie (base)
posterior to the oesophagus
what is the name for a switched heart
dextrocardia
what are the layers of the heart wall (from inside to out)
endocardium - (innermost)
myocardium - (middle)
epicardium - (outermost)
what makes up the endocardium (inside to out)
simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue
what makes up the myocardium
cardiac muscle
what makes up the epicardium (inside to out)
connective tissue, a thin layer of fat, basement membrane, epithelium
what is of note about the epicardium epithelium
it also forms the visceral pericardium
is the function of the endocardium
to line the heart chambers and form the valves of the heart
what are myocytes connected by
intercalating discs
what are the properties of myocytes
striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, singe central nucleus
what are the 4 borders of the heart
right border
left border
superior border
inferior border
what makes up the right border
right atrium
right ventricle
superior vena cava
what makes up the left border
auricle of the left atrium
left ventricle `
aortic arch
what makes up the inferior border
right ventricle
left ventricle
what makes up the superior border
right atrium
left atrium
auricle of left atrium
what are the cusps of the valves made of
endocardium
what is the function of heart valves (what’s important about their work)
to PASSIVLEY control direction of blood flow
what prevents valve failure
chordae tendineae
papillary mucles
what are chordae tendineae - what are they made of
the heart strings that attach the cusps to the papillary mucles - tough, tendinous strands of connective tissue
what are the pipillary muscles
muscles that attache to the cusps via chordae tendinae
that when the ventricle cets smaller keeps the tension on the valve so inversion or prolapse don’t occur
how many cusps are in the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic valve
3, 3, 2, 3
what are the pulmonary and aortic valves also known as
the semilunar valves
what are the two functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton
structurall support
electrical insulation
what happens to the heat during contration due to the bibrous skeleton
it twits a bot during contractiom
what is the name for when valves don’t close completely
they are incpomtetent
due to widening
what structural support dose the cardiac skeleton supply
atrioventricular septum
roots of great vessels
anchorage for valves
what dose the cardiac skeleton provide insulation for
atrium from ventricles
myocardium from the great vessels
what holds the heart in place
the fiborous pericardium allows it to HANG
what surrounds the heart
the visceral layero of serous pericardium, the pericardial cavity, the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
fiboruos pericardium
why is it called the serous pericardium
as it contains fluid/ serum
and to distinguish between the fiborous pericardium as well
what dose the serous pericardium allow
freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle
what is the visceral layer of the serious pericardium attached to
the fiborous pericardium
what is in the pericardial cavity - what for
pericardial fluid
lubricant
what is the fiborpus pericardium
a dense connective tissue bag
where is the fiboroud pericardium sttached to
the central tendon of diuagrpagh
stermum
roots of great vessels
how may coronary arteries are there - what tissue are they in
2
in the epicardium
where ate the cornoray arteries located
behind 2 of the semi lunar cusps that make up the aortic valve - aortic sinuses
what is the problem with the location of the coronary arteries
they become oclluded (blocked) by the cusps during systole
when are the coronary arteies open
during diatoles
what organs dose the media stinum not contain
the lungs
what is the main contents of the superior mediastinum
glandular plane - thymus
lymphatic plane - thoracic duct
what is the fossa ovalis - what was it for
was a patent hole in the interatreal septum
to shunt blood pass the lungs which didn’t need used
what is the coronary sinus - where is it located
it is a vessel that takes the deoxgynated blood used by the heart back to the right atrium
what is the musculi pectinate
muscular ridges on one side of the atrium to stop the atrium sticking close
what are Trabeculae carneae - form and function
contractile fleshy struts that act like the musculi pectinae
stop suction that would occur betwwn the two flat surfaaces
what is the function of the intervetricular septum
to separate the two ventricles
what is the function of the moderator band
to prevent over distension of the heart
what is the difrece between the righ and left ventricles wall
the left ventricals wall is 3X thicker - mainly the myocardium
when dose the subclavian become the axillary artrie
at the lateral border of the 1st rib
what dose the subclavian artery become
the axillary
when does the external iliac artery (in the leg - become the femoral)
inguinal ligament
