anatomy

Question 1

what is the function of the heart (2)

Answer 1

to pump blood

to receive blood

Question 2

what defines the inferior border of the superior mediastinum

Answer 2

the sternal angle and T4

Question 3

where is the apex of the heart

Answer 3

5th intercostal space on the LEFT mid axillary line

Question 4

what part of the heart makes up the apex

Answer 4

the left ventricle

Question 5

what part of the heart makes up the base

Answer 5

the left atrium

Question 6

what are 4 mediastinal cavities

Answer 6

superior
anterior mediastinum
middle mediastinum
posterior mediastinum

Question 7

where is the mediastinum located

Answer 7

between the two pleural cavities

Question 8

what vertebrae does the heart lie between

Answer 8

T5 - T8 in the recumbent position

Question 9

where dose the Left atrium lie (base)

Answer 9

posterior to the oesophagus

Question 10

what is the name for a switched heart

Answer 10

dextrocardia

Question 11

what are the layers of the heart wall (from inside to out)

Answer 11

endocardium - (innermost)
myocardium - (middle)
epicardium - (outermost)

Question 12

what makes up the endocardium (inside to out)

Answer 12

simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue

Question 13

what makes up the myocardium

Answer 13

cardiac muscle

Question 14

what makes up the epicardium (inside to out)

Answer 14

connective tissue, a thin layer of fat, basement membrane, epithelium

Question 15

what is of note about the epicardium epithelium

Answer 15

it also forms the visceral pericardium

Question 16

is the function of the endocardium

Answer 16

to line the heart chambers and form the valves of the heart

Question 17

what are myocytes connected by

Answer 17

intercalating discs

Question 18

what are the properties of myocytes

Answer 18

striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, singe central nucleus

Question 19

what are the 4 borders of the heart

Answer 19

right border
left border
superior border
inferior border

Question 20

what makes up the right border

Answer 20

right atrium
right ventricle

superior vena cava

Question 21

what makes up the left border

Answer 21

auricle of the left atrium
left ventricle `

aortic arch

Question 22

what makes up the inferior border

Answer 22

right ventricle

left ventricle

Question 23

what makes up the superior border

Answer 23

right atrium
left atrium
auricle of left atrium

Question 24

what are the cusps of the valves made of

Answer 24

endocardium

Question 25

what is the function of heart valves (what's important about their work)

Answer 25

to PASSIVLEY control direction of blood flow

Question 26

what prevents valve failure

Answer 26

chordae tendineae | papillary mucles

Question 27

what are chordae tendineae - what are they made of

Answer 27

the heart strings that attach the cusps to the papillary mucles - tough, tendinous strands of connective tissue

Question 28

what are the pipillary muscles

Answer 28

muscles that attache to the cusps via chordae tendinae that when the ventricle cets smaller keeps the tension on the valve so inversion or prolapse don't occur

Question 29

how many cusps are in the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic valve

Answer 29

3, 3, 2, 3

Question 30

what are the pulmonary and aortic valves also known as

Answer 30

the semilunar valves

Question 31

what are the two functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton

Answer 31

structurall support electrical insulation

Question 32

what happens to the heat during contration due to the bibrous skeleton

Answer 32

it twits a bot during contractiom

Question 33

what is the name for when valves don't close completely

Answer 33

they are incpomtetent due to widening

Question 34

what structural support dose the cardiac skeleton supply

Answer 34

atrioventricular septum roots of great vessels anchorage for valves

Question 35

what dose the cardiac skeleton provide insulation for

Answer 35

atrium from ventricles myocardium from the great vessels

Question 36

what holds the heart in place

Answer 36

the fiborous pericardium allows it to HANG

Question 37

what surrounds the heart

Answer 37

the visceral layero of serous pericardium, the pericardial cavity, the visceral layer of the serous pericardium fiboruos pericardium

Question 38

why is it called the serous pericardium

Answer 38

as it contains fluid/ serum and to distinguish between the fiborous pericardium as well

Question 39

what dose the serous pericardium allow

Answer 39

freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle

Question 40

what is the visceral layer of the serious pericardium attached to

Answer 40

the fiborous pericardium

Question 41

what is in the pericardial cavity - what for

Answer 41

pericardial fluid lubricant

Question 42

what is the fiborpus pericardium

Answer 42

a dense connective tissue bag

Question 43

where is the fiboroud pericardium sttached to

Answer 43

the central tendon of diuagrpagh stermum roots of great vessels

Question 44

how may coronary arteries are there - what tissue are they in

Answer 44

2 in the epicardium

Question 45

where ate the cornoray arteries located

Answer 45

behind 2 of the semi lunar cusps that make up the aortic valve - aortic sinuses

Question 46

what is the problem with the location of the coronary arteries

Answer 46

they become oclluded (blocked) by the cusps during systole

Question 47

when are the coronary arteies open

Answer 47

during diatoles

Question 48

what organs dose the media stinum not contain

Answer 48

the lungs

Question 49

what is the main contents of the superior mediastinum

Answer 49

glandular plane - thymus lymphatic plane - thoracic duct

Question 50

what is the fossa ovalis - what was it for

Answer 50

was a patent hole in the interatreal septum to shunt blood pass the lungs which didn't need used

Question 51

what is the coronary sinus - where is it located

Answer 51

it is a vessel that takes the deoxgynated blood used by the heart back to the right atrium

Question 52

what is the musculi pectinate

Answer 52

muscular ridges on one side of the atrium to stop the atrium sticking close

Question 53

what are Trabeculae carneae - form and function

Answer 53

contractile fleshy struts that act like the musculi pectinae stop suction that would occur betwwn the two flat surfaaces

Question 54

what is the function of the intervetricular septum

Answer 54

to separate the two ventricles

Question 55

what is the function of the moderator band

Answer 55

to prevent over distension of the heart

Question 56

what is the difrece between the righ and left ventricles wall

Answer 56

the left ventricals wall is 3X thicker - mainly the myocardium

Question 57

when dose the subclavian become the axillary artrie

Answer 57

at the lateral border of the 1st rib

Question 58

what dose the subclavian artery become

Answer 58

the axillary

Question 59

when does the external iliac artery (in the leg - become the femoral)

Answer 59

inguinal ligament