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embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main stages of cardiovascular embryology (4)

A

development of primitive heart tube

looping of the heart tube

atrial/ventricle separation

outflow tract development

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2
Q

what forms the circulatory system

A

the lateral plate splanich mesoderm

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3
Q

when dose the primordial heart start to function

A

at 4 weeks

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4
Q

where do blood vessels first aperar

A

yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chiron

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5
Q

what forms heart tubes

A

angioblastic cords

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6
Q

what are angioblastic cords

A

paired endothelial strands

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7
Q

what do heart tubes form into

A

the primordial cardivascualr system

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8
Q

what dose the somatic mesoderm form

A

the parieral layer of the serious pericardium

the fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

what forms the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

the splenic mesoderm

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10
Q

what happens between day 18 and 22 of gestation

A

fusion of the heart tubes

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11
Q

what are the 5 parts of the fused primitive heart tube - from top to bottom

A

truncus arteriosus - the wings of the chicken
bulbs cordis
ventricle
atrium
sinus venosus (right and left horns) - the chicken legs of the heart

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12
Q

what is the form and function of the truncus arteriosus

A

the most superior part of the fused heart tubes

once the primitive heart tube folds this then divides to form the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

what forms at of the top of the truncus arteriosus

A

the aortic sac with its left and right horns

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14
Q

what forms out of the aoric sack

A

6 arches out of each horn

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15
Q

what do the right 6 arches out of the igh horn of the artic sac terminate

A

the right dorsal aorta

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16
Q

what do the left 6 arches out of the left horn of the artic sac terminate

A

the left dorsal aorta

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17
Q

what form the bulboventricle loop - how

A

the blulbus cordis and ventricle

they grow faster than the rest of the fused primitive heart tube

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18
Q

what dose the bulbbus cordis form

A

the bulboventricle loop

it becomes mainly part of the right ventricle

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19
Q

what dose the sinus venosus become

A

the ends of all the major veins heading to the heart

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20
Q

what is the structure of the sinus venosus what comes to it

A

it has two horns (left and right)

and each horn has 3 veins - vitelline, umbilical , common cardinal

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21
Q

what vein supplies the body of the embryo

A

the common cardinal

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22
Q

what vein supplies the youlk sack

A

viteline

—-where all the vitamins go

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23
Q

what vein supplies the placenta

A

umbilical

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24
Q

what wa does the hear normally loop

A

to the right

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25
when dose partitioning of the primordiaal heart (atria/ventrical seperation) being
around the 27th - 37th days
26
what 2 things form during th partioting of the primitve heart
endocardial cushin formation septum formation
27
what dose the septum formation lead to
the separation of the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart
28
what does the endocardial cushion formation lead to
the rough separation of the atrium and ventricles
29
what happens in the first step in the separation of the primitive atrium
septum primum is formed - with the space below being called the foramen primum
30
what happens after the first part of the septum foramen is formed
the 2nd part of the septum primum forms with the gap above and below
31
what forms above the septum primum
the foramen secundum
32
what does the lower septum primum fuse with
the dorsal endocardial cushion
33
what forms next
the septum secundum beside both septum primum
34
what dose the septum primum become
the door with the septum secundum becoming the walls
35
what is the final foramen left before birth
the foramen ovale
36
where is the open foramen ovale located
between the anterior side of the septum primum and septum secundum
37
what is the fossa ovalis a remittent of
the foetal ovale foramen
38
what happens if the oval foramen dosent close
it leads to ASD atrial septal defect
39
what are the 2 most common forms of clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD)
foramen secundum defect endocardial cushion defect with septum primum defect
40
how does the primitive partitioning of the ventricles occur
muscular ventricular forms (opening above is called the intraventricular foramen) the aorticopulmonary septum forms - the bottom fuses with the muscular ventricle septum
41
what is the function of the membranous ventricular septum
to fuses the muscular ventricular septum ant the aortopulmonary septum and close the interventricular foramen
42
what is the function of the aorticopulmonary septum
to divide the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus (top of bulbus cordis) into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
43
what contributes to the membranous interventricular septum
the endocardial cushion
44
how dose the aorticopulmonary septum divide the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus
why twisting up the centre
45
what type of defect occurs when the partitioning of the primitive ventricles goes wrong
VSD - ventricular septal defect
46
what happens to small VSDs (ventricular septal defects)
they close on their own
47
what is the most common type of VSD
membranous types - effecting the intraventricular septum
48
when does the SA node develop
week 5
49
where is the location of the adult SA node
high in the right atrium near entrance to SVC
50
how does cot death occur (sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS)
cased by abnormal conducting tissues
51
what is the aetiology of congenital heart disease
it is multifactorial
52
what factors contribute to congenital heart disease - 5
rubella infection In pregnancy (PDA) maternal alcohol abuse - septal defects maternal drug treatment and radiation genetics chromosomes
53
what is the name of the disease that has 4 cardiac defects
tetralogy of fallot
54
what are the 4 cardiac defects for the teratology of fallot
pulmonary stenosis ventricular septal defect (VSD) dextroposition of aorta right ventricular hypertrophy
55
what two causes lead to the transposition of the great vessels
failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral defective migration of neural crest cells
56
what are neural crest cells
cells that are pinched of from the ectoderm during the formation of the neural tube, these then form complex structures often related to the nervous system
57
what causes the teratology of fallot
Unequal division of the conus arteriosus (cone shaped structure that the pulmonary trunk forms out of) due to anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum
58
what is vasculogenesis
the NEW formation of a primitive vascular network
59
what is angiogenesis
defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels
60
when do the pharyngeal arches develop
during week 4 and 5
61
what do the pharyngeal arches become
the neck
62
what forms around the pharyngeal arches
the 6 aortic arches on either side
63
what is the fate of arches 1 and 2
disappear early 1st arch remnants forms maxillary artery (side of the face)
64
what is the fate of the 3rd arch
it becomes the start of the internal carotid artery
65
what is the fate of the 4th RIGHT arch
it forms the right subclavian
66
what is the fate of the 4th LEFT arch
the distal part of the aortic arch
67
what is the fate of the 5th arch
forms incompletely then regresses forms nothing
68
what is the fate of the 6th RIGHT arch
it become the proximal (closer to centre) part of the right pulmonary artery
69
what is the fate of the 6th LEFT arch
it becomes the left pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus
70
what is the ductus arteriosus
a normal blood vessel that connects two major arteries — the aorta and the pulmonary artery
71
what does the ductus arteriosum become - when
it closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriousum after 1- 3 months
72
what is the most common form of great artery defects
defects because there regression of arteries where there shouldn't or some arteries that should regress but don't
73
what occurs to from the aberrant subclavian artery defect
the right subclavian forms on the left side of the aortic arch it has to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus - leading to constriction of these organs - no clinical symptoms
74
what occurs in the formation of the double aortic arch
an abnormal right aortic arch is also formed, leads to the formation of a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus - difficulty breathing and swallowing
75
what is PDA ( patent ductus arteriosus)
when the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth and regress to form ligament atreriosum - uncorrected leads to hear failure when older
76
coarctation of the aorta
the aorta is narrow - often proximal or distal to the ductus arteriosum ( liganetum arteriousum)
77
what do the vitelline arteries supply
the yolk sack
78
what do the vitelline arteries become in adult hood
the arteries in the foregut, midgut and hindgut
79
what is the fate of umbilical arteries before birth
paired branches of the dorsal aorta to the placenta
80
after birth what is the fate of the umbilical arteries
the proximal portion becomes the vessels to the bladder and become the internal iliac (terminal branch in the pelvis)
81
what is the function of the vitelline veins
carrying blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosum
82
what is the function of the umbilical veins - from where
originate from the chorionic villi of placenta carrying OXYGENATED BLOOD to the embryo
83
what is the function of the cardinal veins of the embryo
draining the body of the embryo
84
what do the cardinal veins form
the vena cava - IVC and SVC by anastomosis (connection between tubes)
85
what are some venous abnormalities (4)
double IVC absence of IVC left SVC double SVC
86
when and where does the lymphatic system begin to form
develops at the end of the 6th week | 6 lymph sacs develop around the main veins - and lymphatic vessels join them up later
87
what are the 3 important pieces of transitional circulation
ductus venosus oval foramen ductus arteriosus
88
what is the function of the ductus venosus
to shunt left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the IVC - allows O2 blood from the placenta to bypass the liver
89
what is the function of the ductus arteriosus
allows blood that escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs
90
what is the function of the oval foramen
allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium - bypass the lungs
91
what does the ductus venosus become after birth
the ligamentum venosum of the liver
92
how does the oval foramen close
by tissue proliferation and adhesion of the septal structures

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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