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Renal and Urology > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the 10 functions of the kidneys

A
  1. water balance
  2. salt balance
  3. Maintenance of plasma volume
  4. Maintenance of plasma osmolarity
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Excretion of metabolic waste products
  7. Excretion of exogenous foreign compounds
  8. secretion of renting to maintain arterial blood pressure
  9. secretion fo erythropoietin which is required to produce red blood cells
  10. Conversion fo 25- hydroxyvitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (CALCITRIOL)
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2
Q

primary function of the kidney

A

is to regulate the volume, composition and osmolarity of body fluids

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3
Q

concept of homeostasis for any substance

A

input has to equal output which can be applied to Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and PO42- so the kidney controls the excretion of these substances in order to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

blood enters the kidney

A

via the renal artery

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5
Q

blood drains from the kidney

A

via the renal vein

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6
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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7
Q

the first part of the nephron is

A

the glomerulus

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8
Q

the glomerulus receives

A

branches of the renal artery called the afferent arteriole and exiting the glomerulus is the efferent arteriole

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9
Q

the glomerulus function is

A

filtration of the blood, blood flows through the glomerulus and small molecules bass into bowmans space where it is known as the filtrate

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10
Q

how does the filtrate get from the afferent arteriole into bowmans space

A
  • the afferent arteriole is lined with endothelial cells which contains fenestrations which allows small molecules to pass through but prevents larger proteins passing through
  • underneath the endothelial cells is the basement membrane which is negatively charge and repels larger proteins such as albumin inhibiting them from passing through
  • on the inner layer of bowmans capsule there is a type of epithelial cell called podocytes which extend there foot processes onto the endothelial cells which ensures they tightly adhere to one another
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11
Q

increasing the diameter of the afferent arteriole

A

more blood can pass through the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration rate increases

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12
Q

reducing the diameter of the afferent arteriole

A

less blood can pass through the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration rate falls

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13
Q

after blood has been filtrated in the glomerulus

A

it flows through the proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule is very important for

A

the re-abdsorption of ions like sodium, chloride, amino acids and glucose and it also re-abdorbs water

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15
Q

after the proximal convoluted tubule the filtrate passes into

A

the descending loop of henle and then into the ascending loop of henle

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16
Q

descending limb of the loop of henle is

A

impermeable to ions and ONLY re-absorbs water

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17
Q

ascending limb of the loop of henle is

A

impermeable to water and ONLY re-absorbs ions

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18
Q

the process occurring in the loop of henle is known as

A

counter-currant multipiclation

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19
Q

why is it called counter-currant

A

because the loop of henley are travelling in opposite directions

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20
Q

why is it called multipiclation

A

because the process of re-absorption of ions in the ascending loop of henle is active and by making the renal medially more acidic, it allows the passive movement of water from the descending limb into the intersitium which is a completely passive process

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21
Q

fluid then flows from

A

the ascending loop of henle into the distal convoluted tubule

22
Q

the distal convoluted tubule re-absorbs

A

sodium and chloride

23
Q

where the distal convoluted tubule passes the glomerulus

A

this is called the jucto-glomerual apparatus

24
Q

the junta-glomerular apparatus

A

is the part of the kidney which controls blood pressure

25
Q

from the distal convoluted tubule the filtrate then flows into the

A

collecting ducts

26
Q

the collecting ducts collects filtrate from

A

many distal convoluted tubules

27
Q

what is urea

A

one of the main waste components in the urine, but the kidney does reliant some in a process called urea recycling in order to increase the osmolarity of the renal medially which increases water re-absorption in the descending loop of henle

28
Q

the efferent arteriole gives of

A

many branches called peri-tubular capillaries which cross all over the nephron and pick up everything that has been re-absorbed from the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial to return it back to the renal vein

29
Q

how much os the plasma entering the glomeruli gets filtered

A

only 20% the remaining 80% leaves via the efferent arteriole

30
Q

cells facing the inside of the lumen are on the

A

apical side

31
Q

cells on the opposite side of the lumen are on the

A

base-lateral side

32
Q

attached to the base-lateral side is the

A

peri-tubular capillaries

33
Q

how does re-absorption take place in the proximal convoluted tubules

A

on the apical surface there are co-transporters so because sodium is actively transported via the sodium potassium ATP ASE pump, eventually there will be less sodium in the cell than in the lyme so sodium will wanto to move down its concentration gradient out of the lumen so this energy gets use to transport glucose out of the lumen down its concentration gradient to be re-absorbed into the blood

34
Q

how does re-absorption take place in the ascending loop of henle

A

there is the same sodium potassium pump so as sodium is transported out of the lumen there is a NA+/K+/Cl- co-transporter which is a form of secondary active transport so sodium, potassium and chlorine get re-absorbed

35
Q

how does re-absorption take place in the distal convoluted tubules

A

sodium potassium pump causes movement of sodium out of the lumen into the blood, apical membrane contains calcium pores so calcium concentration in the cell is equal to that of the calcium in the lumen, but there is an ante-porter so sodium gets pumped back into the tubule and calcium is pumped into the urine

36
Q

what actually is urine

A

modified filtrate of blood

37
Q

the 3 main functions of a nephron

A
  1. filtration
  2. re-absorption
  3. secretion
38
Q

for any substance filtration and tubular secretion is equal to

A

tubular reabsorption and excretion

39
Q

rate of excretion is equal to

A

the rate of filtration+ rate of secretion- rate of re-absorption

40
Q

movement of substances within the kidney are described in terms of

A

concentration x flow

41
Q

rate of filtration of a substance X is

A

mass of substance X filtered into bowmans capsule per unit time

42
Q

for a freely filterable substance X the rate of filtration of X is equal to

A

the concentration of X in the plasma multiplied by the glomerular filtration rate

43
Q

rate of excretion of substance x is

A

the mass of substance X excreted per unit time

44
Q

rate of excretion of substance X is equal to

A

the consternation of X in the urine multiplied by the urine flow rate

45
Q

rate of reabsorption of a substance

A

if the rate of filtration is greater than the rate of excretion then net reabsorption has occurred

46
Q

rate of re-absorption of substance X

A

rate of filtration of substance X- rate of excretion of substance X

47
Q

rate of secretion of a substance

A

if the rate of filtration of a substance is less than the rate of excretion then net secretion of the substance has occurred

48
Q

rate of secretion

A

rate of excretion- rate of filtration

49
Q

rate of filtration and excretion are

A

relatively easy to measure

50
Q

rate of reabsorption and secretion reflect

A

tubular modification of the filtrate obtained as the different between the rate of filtration and the rate of excretion

Renal and Urology (51 decks)

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